雨滴微物理特征研究及测量技术进展

Advances in Microphysical Features and Measurement Techniques of Raindrops

雨滴的尺度、速度、形状、轴比、摆动和空间取向及其谱分布等微物理性质是揭示降雨物理本质的重要特征量,对于土壤侵蚀机理研究、天气雷达地面标定、人工增雨作业效果评估、无线电通讯和导航系统通道选择等方面均有着重要意义。首先分析了19世纪末以来雨滴微物理特征的测量及研究发展历程,分析了实验室内风洞实验、光学雨滴谱仪外场观测等雨滴微物理特征测量技术的现状以及存在的不足,重点讨论雨滴的形状、速度、摆动和空间取向特征等微物理特征。现有雨滴谱仪并不能完全揭示自然环境条件下雨滴的微物理特征,从而限制了雨滴微物理特征在相关领域的应用。最后从相关领域和应用发展的角度出发,对雨滴微物理特征测量技术的发展做了展望。

The size, fall velocity, shape, axis ratio, oscillation, orientation, and their spahal cllstrlbutlons oT raindrops are the key parameters for study of rainfall physics, which also have great significance in these fields such as research on the mechanism of soil erosion, calibration of weather radar, classification of present weather, evalua- tion of rainfall enhancement, and determination of channel in radio communication and navigation systems. This pa- per reviews the history of measurement technology and method of raindrops＇ microphysieal features firstly, discusses the status and shortcomings of laboratory wind tunnel experiment, optical disdrometer, and other measurement tech- niques and theory for the raindrops＇ microphysical features, and then the shape, fall velocity, oscillation, and ori- entation of raindrops are analyzed. Existing disdrometers cannot measure the all the micro-physical characteristics of raindrops, which limit the application of raindrops micro-physical characteristics in related area. At last fi-om the point of view of relative area and application, the prospect of the future development trend of raindrops microphysies measurement techniques is concluded.