纳兰词在清代的接受及其经典化要素

The Reception and Canonization of Nalan's Ci Poems in Qing Dynasty

纳兰词在康熙词坛经历了一个由平至显的接受过程,到康熙朝后期逐步被推至与朱彝尊、陈维崧并举的高度。但雍乾词坛对其反应冷淡,纳兰词的接受由显转晦,这主要是纳兰的论词宗旨、创作风格均与浙派风尚异趣所致,亦与缺少群体性的标榜相关。纳兰词在嘉道词坛经性灵词人群的鼓吹而重现于世,又因纳兰词论与常派理论间的相似性而使其在晚清词坛风生水起。清末况周颐、王国维均以纳兰词的极情特质与自然真切而将其尊为清词第一。从清人的接受过程可以看出,纳兰词言情时的易感性、普适性与耐读性等特质以及纳兰自身的人格魅力,是其能够成为经典的内部要素。这些内部要素经谭献、王国维等人的阐发与推荐,与晚清的词坛风会、理论更迭、词派兴嬗等外部因素发生契合性关联,得以顺利进入读者的期待视野。在清末读者的认同性阅读与再创造活动中,纳兰词完成了经典化的建构。

Nalan＇s Ci poems experienced a gradual process of reception in the literary community, and in the second half of Emperor Kangxi＇s reign, Nalan （ 1655 - 1685） as a Ci poet became as famous as such great poets as Zhu Yizun and Chen Weisong. However, in the following period of Emperors Yongzheng and Qinglong, Nalan＇s Ci poems were generally ignored, both because of its different thematic and stylistic focuses from the tastes of Zhejiang poets, a dominant school of the time, and because of the lack of promotion from any poetical community. Not until the period of Emperors Jiaqing and Daoguang were Nalan＇s poems noticed again by the poetical community, and at the end of Qing Dynasty, great scholars like Zhou Yi and Wang Guowei even regarded Nalan＇s poems as representing the best of the ci poetry in the entire Qing period. This process of reception shows that the strong emotional elements, the universal themes and the readability of Nalan＇s poems as well as the charming personality of Nalan himself as a poet, have contributed to the reception of his works. These internal elements, combined with the appreciation and promotion of great writers like Tan Xian and Wang Guowei, had successfully helped draw the attention of a wide range of readers, whose sympathizing and creative readings had, in turn, completed the canonization of Nalan＇s poems.