中国宪法实施的双轨制

Dual-Track System of Constitutional Enforcement in China

与许多西方国家的宪法实施模式不同,宪法审查并非中国宪法实施的主要方式。中国司法机关不能根据宪法直接审查立法的合宪性,而作为有权机关的全国人大常委会,也没有做出过宪法解释或宪法判断。这是中国宪法实施的真实状况,但不是中国宪法实施的全部。从比较法角度看,中国宪法更像一个政治纲领式的宣言,更多依靠政治化方式实施。伴随着法治化进程,中国的宪法实施逐渐由单一依靠政治化实施,过渡到政治化实施与法律化实施同步推进、相互影响的双轨制格局。宪法的政治化实施体现为执政党主导的政治动员模式,而宪法的法律化实施则是以积极性实施为主、消极性实施为辅的多元实施机制。在比较法的意义上,政治化实施和法律化实施的双轨制,可以为描述中国宪法实施提供一个理论框架。

Different from western countries, judicial review of constitutionality is not regarded as the basic method of enforcement of the Constitution in China. According to Chinese Constitution, judicial organs in China do not have the authority to directly review the constitutionality of a piece of legisla tion in accordance with the Constitution whereas the Standing Committee of the National People＇ s Congress has the authority to interpret the Constitution and review the constitutionality of the legal sys tem. From the perspective of comparative law, the Chinese Constitution is more like a declaration of political program enforced by political, rather than legal, method. However, with the construction of the rule of law, the mode of enforcement of the Chinese Constitution has been undergoing a process of gradual transition from a unitary system of political enforcement to a dualtrack system of both political and legal enforcement. The political enforcement of the constitution mainly takes the form of political mobilization led by the ruling party whereas the legal enforcement of the constitution is a pluralistic enforcement mechanism that takes positive enforcement as the main body and negative enforcement as the supplement. From the perspective of conparative law, the conception of dualtrack system pro vides a theoretical framework to describe and understand the constitutional enforcement in China.