曹魏“尚实”政风与文体学

On the Truth-seeking Government Style in Cao Wei Dynasty and Stylistics

曹魏鉴于汉末浮华弊病,政权运行推行"尚实"之风,如《求贤令》一类政令及以"浮艳"处死孔融等;又有专门的"文质之辨",正方、反方都"尚实","尚实"上升到"道"的层次。在如此政风的笼罩下,曹丕提出作家评论"尚实"的途径,在于同文体之间的比较,于是有"奏议宜雅,书论宜理,铭诔尚实,诗赋欲丽"文体论的提出;又有桓范《世要论》中三篇文体论提倡"尚实",《赞象》篇称"实有勋绩"方可配得上画像有赞,《铭诔》篇批评"势重者称美,财富者文丽"之类铭诔,《序作》篇批评"浮辞谈说"、"泛溢之言"之类的著作书论。朝代政风对文体学的影响,由此可见一斑,此即刘勰所说的"文变染乎世情,兴废系乎时序",文体学亦是如此。

In view of the ills of the florid style of the late Han Dynasty, the government of the Wei dynasty takes the factualistic writing style, such as the government decree Thirst After Talents and the execution of Kong Rong due to his gaudy style of writing etc; and ＂the special qualitative debate of writing style＂ sublimates ＂truth-seeking＂ belief to the conviction of ＂Taoism＂. Under these circumstances, Cao Pi puts forward that the approach of commenting ＂factualistic style＂ lies in the comparison between works of the same writing style. Thus comes the stylistic theory that ＂memorials to emperors need to be elegant, book comments need to be reasonable, funeral eulogies need to be true, and the poetry and prose need to be gorgeous. ＂ Heng Fan even advocates in his The Thesis adopting the truth-seeking principle, and The Eulogy Inscription holds that ＂the actual merits＂ must be worthy of portraits, yet The Funeral Eulogy argues against those eulogies that discriminate in favor of the rich and the powerful in social ranks. Preface Writing also criticizes the superficial book review. Thus from the stated facts, we can see how the governments in different dynasties influence writing, just as what Liu Xie put it, ＂Writing varies according to worldly affairs and social orders＂, and so does stylistics.