不同背景干扰对儿童动作技能学习的影响——以相同动作程序任务为研究视角

Different Contextual Interference of Children Motor Learning:The Perspective of Same Motor Program Task

目的：基于GENTILE的2阶段学习模型及GUADAGNOLI和LEE提出的挑战点假说的理论观点,探讨在体育教学情境中固定练习、渐进练习和变化练习3种练习方式对儿童学习相同动作程序动作技能的影响,并进一步验证背景干扰效应。方法：选取45名10~11岁儿童初学者作为试验对象,以篮球双手胸前传球作为操作任务,选取绝对误差（AE）、绝对常数误差（ACE）和变异误差（VE）作为评价指标,对3组被试分别进行技能习得测试、48 h保持测试和迁移测试。结论：儿童在动作技能学习初期,采取固定练习有利于儿童提高动作技能表现的一致性,是提高篮球传球动作技能准确性和稳定性的最佳练习方式;学习相同动作程序动作技能时（只改变相对速度、力量、时间等参数）,在选取固定练习方式的基础上,适当增加练习的变异性有利于儿童比赛中篮球传球动作技能表现水平的提高和保持,以及对未来操作情境的适应;渐进练习方式在篮球传球动作技能学习过程中始终能为儿童匹配最佳功能性难度任务,不仅有利于儿童掌握篮球传球技术动作,而且有利于学习者对不同篮球传球动作技能的记忆表征和动作计划的重新构建,是儿童学习动作技能的最佳练习方式;儿童在学习相同动作程序动作技能时没有出现背景干扰效应。

Objective：Base on the model of GENTILE’s two stages and the theoretical view of challenge point hypothesis of GUADAGNOLI and LEE,the aims of this paper is to discuss the effects of three practice schedules which include invariant practice,systematically increasing practice and variant practice on children who learning the same motor program motor skills during the physical education teaching situation,and further verify the hypothesis of contextual interference effect. Method：Selecting forty five 10 to 11-yr old children as the participants,two hand pass starting from the chest of basketball as the task andabsolute error,absolute constant error,variable error as the evaluation index,we have tests respectively for three groups during the stage of acquisition,48 h-retention and transfer. Conclusions：In the early stages of motor learning,it is beneficial for children to take the invariant practice schedule to develop consistency of performance of motor skill,and it also is a best practice way to improving the accuracy and stability of basketball passing;Learning the same general program motor skills which changing parameters of relative speed,power and time,children based on invariant practice schedule and appropriate to increase the variability of practice which is not only beneficial for children to improving the basketball passing skill,but also maintaining the skills longer and adapting to the future motor environment. Systematically increasing practice is the best practice schedule to children in motor learning which can offer suitable functional difficulty tasks to children during the whole basketball passing skills,it is not only beneficial for children to developing and strengthening their movement model but also helping children memory representation and constructing action plan of different basketball passing skills. It did not verify the hypothesis of contextual interference effect when children learned the same motor program motor skills.