基本权利依据的选择范围与标准

Source and Choosing Standard of Constitutional Rights Norms

对普通诉求轻言基本权利、对新型权利轻言修宪等基本权利话语泛化现象的克服之道,在于明确和证立基本权利主张的宪法依据。为此,首先需明确选择范围,基本权利规范依据不限于现行宪法文本而存在于多元渊源的实定宪法秩序中。其中,不成文宪法规范的证立仍需要辅以宪法文本中的规范依据而不宜单独、直接地予以援引。其次需确定对应的规范依据,这基于基本权利的保障范围来确定。依此若产生多项规范依据而形成基本权利竞合现象时,对于非真正的基本权利竞合情形,不同于当事人基于审查密度判断的选择动机,审查者应遵循特别关系优先于一般关系、主要关系优先于次要关系等标准;而对于属于真正的基本权利竞合情形,则多项规范依据可单选或多选,不必然产生规范依据选择问题。在确立基本权利形式依据的基础上,构建融贯的基本权利价值体系,才能维持基本权利规范的日常发展。

The way to avoid"magnifying phenomena fundamental right claims",such as"jump to fundamental right claims from ordinary ones","jump to the mode of constitutional amending for new right claims",is the quotation and justification of constitutional grounds of fundamental rights. It includes two levels of problems as follows,sources of fundamental rights,and selection criteria of related constitutional grounds. Firstly,the multiple sources exist in not only the written existing constitution but unwritten constitution,the reference to which should not be used by itself but with the reference to related written norms. Secondly,the selection criteria are up to scope of protection. Then,if there appear more than one related constitutional norms,between which there exists competition,the selection criteria should distinguish between real competition and unreal competition of fundamental rights. Besides the constitutional grounds,coherent value system of fundamental rights is essential to the ordinary development of fundamental right norm.