国外旅游扶贫研究进展

REVIEW OF OVERSEAS RESEARCH ON PRO-POOR TOURISM

在相关概念辨析的基础上,对国外旅游扶贫理论、实践模式、效果、研究方法、相关国际组织的作用进行了综述。国外旅游扶贫形成了较为系统的理论体系与研究框架,为旅游实践提供了理论支持。从研究内容看,自然旅游、遗产旅游、农业旅游、社区旅游是旅游扶贫的主要方式;从扶贫效果看,旅游扶贫对当地经济有较大的促进作用,但需要合理的规划与操控才能可持续。旅游扶贫研究方法以宏观的定量研究为主,研究案例呈现地理集中性。今后应加强城市贫困问题、精准旅游扶贫及中国旅游扶贫案例的研究。

Pro-poor tourism（PPT） is a hot issue of overseas tourism research. Based on analysis of some relat- ed concepts, this paper made a comprehensive review on theories, practices, research methods, case areas and international organizations＇ roles of PPT. In theoretical research, proposal of PPT was rooted in such four theories as liberal/neo-liberal, critical, alternative development and post-structuralism. PPT is an approach of tourism development, following seven main principles： participation, balanced approach, holistic livelihoods approach, distribution, flexibility, commercial realism and cross-disciplinary learning. Compared with sus- tainable tourism, ecotourism and other ideas, PPT has paid more concerns on the poor. Approaches of PPT have no standard in the world. However, natural tourism, heritage tourism, agricultural tourism and commu- nity-based tourism have been testified effective in developing countries and areas in practice. PPT is signifi- cant for the poor while it is not a panacea for the poor in practice. Only under reasonable planning and well- controlled can PPT impose great sustainable positive impacts on both economic and non-economic liveli- hoods of local people. Development of PPT has benefited aids and funds from international organizations （World Bank）. Government always makes some policies safeguard the interests of the poor. Private business- es have more flexible in investment and seasonality, these advantages can ensure the poor participation in PPT. Due to difficulties and deficiency in collecting data, most methods of PPT research are quantitatively in macro scale. Case study areas mainly concentrate on some developing countries in Africa, South America and Asia. Therefore, researches on urban poverty, micro-view research （aim to the poor and their families） and Chinese cases of PPT should be strengthened in the future.