西方经典小农理论范式的反思与重构——立足于转型中国的思考

Reflection and Reconstruction of the Western Classical Peasant Theory Paradigms: A Critical Review under the Context of Transformation in China

在社会转型过程中,中国小农在市场冲击下面临着生产、生活以及交往的多重社会化压力,中国小农的行为选择以及面貌特征对西方经典小农理论的预设提出了重要挑战。形式主义假设小农是精于算计的利润追求者,实体主义假设小农是迫于生存压力的维持生计者,马克思主义假设小农是宗法体系和阶级结构中被剥削的耕作者,黄宗智认为改革前中国小农是以上三种面貌的统一。但上述经典理论讨论的对象都是被生存之忧困扰的、缺乏现代性要素的传统小农的"理想类型"。转型过程中,中国小农主要的问题并非生存之忧,而是发展之困。文章从经验事实出发检视了西方小农理论的困境,在对既有理论范式反思基础上,提出建构一种扎根于中国地方性知识和具体历史情境的"本土性视角",进而为中国小农的发展变迁提供更具解释力的分析框架。

During the process of social transformation, the Chinese peasants have been confronted with multiple socialized stress from production, livelihood and contact under the market impact. The Chi- nese peasants＇ behavior selection and image characteristics put forward a challenge to the hypotheses of the western classical theories. The formalism theory assumes that peasants are proficient in calculating and pursuing profits. The substantive theory assumes that peasants struggle to make a living under the pressure of survival. The Marxism theory assumes that peasants are hard cultivators who are exploited in the patriarchal system and class structure. Philip C. Huang believes that the Chinese peasants are the uni- ty of the above three kinds of theory images before reform. However, these classical theories mentioned above discuss the ideal types of the traditional peasants who are plagued by fear of survival and short of modern elements. Nowadays, ＂socialization＂ is the basic characteristic of the Chinese peasants. Thus, we need to reflect on the classical peasants＇ theoretical paradigms and then construct a ＂local perspective＂, which is rooted in the Chinese local knowledge and specific historical context, thereby, we could extract a more explanatory conceptual tool and theoretical paradigm