转基因作物饲用安全性评价研究进展

Safety Evaluation of Feeds from Genetically Modified Crops on Livestock and Poultry

通过引入外源基因的途径对农作物进行遗传改良,转基因技术已经在作物的抗虫、抗除草剂、抗病、抗旱等方面显现出了巨大的潜力。2013年全球转基因作物种植面积已经比1996年首次种植面积增长了100多倍,达到1.75亿hm2,转基因作物及其副产品大部分则用于动物饲料原料,因此,转基因饲料中外源基因和外源蛋白在畜禽体内消解和转移规律以及转基因成分对畜禽营养、生长、健康等方面的影响是社会关注的焦点。笔者在提出转基因作物饲用安全性评价的紧迫性和必要性的基础上,特别指出转基因作物饲用安全性评价与食用安全性评价的特殊性;讨论和分析转基因作物评价所应该遵循的科学原则;概述抗虫作物、抗草甘膦作物和转植酸酶基因玉米中转基因成分的特性;侧重分析了饲料中转基因成分在畜禽体内的消解、转移,转基因饲料的营养价值和饲料养分效价评定,重点剖析转基因饲料对畜禽营养、免疫、繁殖和肠道微生态影响的研究进展。从短期、长期和多代效应综合分析转基因饲料的安全性,转基因饲料中外源基因和外源蛋白未发现从饲料中转移到畜禽组织、器官和血液中,仅少量残存于消化道前段的食糜中;转基因饲料也没有对畜禽营养、免疫、繁殖、肠道健康产生不利作用。但目前还需深入探讨试验材料的选择和相关信息的准确描述、转基因成分在畜禽体内的消解和转移的方法、转基因饲料对畜禽繁殖、免疫以及长期多代的作用研究,以期为建立和完善转基因饲用安全评价体系提供参考。

The use of transferring foreign genes to plants has led to the dominant agronomic properties of crops, including insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, disease resistance and drought resistance. Since genetically modified （GM） crops were firstly cultivated in 1996, the cultivation area of GM crops has increased more than 100-fold reaching 175 million hectares worldwide in 2013. High portions of these GM crops and their by-products are fed to animals. The degradation and transportation of transgenic DNA and protein for GM feeds in the gastrointestinal tract and the possible effect of GM feeds or feed additive on animal nutrition, growth and health have been the focus of attention. The urgency and necessity of safety evaluation of GM feeds were proposed in the present paper. The difference of safety evaluation between the GM food and feeds were also analyzed. The scientific principles for safety evaluation and the characteristics of transgenic components in crops with insect-resistance, herbicide tolerance and phytase transgenic corn were discussed. This paper mainly reviewed the fate of transgenic DNA and protein, nutrient value and digestibility of GM feeds, and the effects of GM feeds on nutrition, immune response, reproduction performance and intestinal microbiota in livestock and poultry. Based on short-term, long-term, and multigenerational studies, there were no transfers of recombinant dietary DNA or protein to tissues, organs or blood, the transgenic components only presented in foregut digesta of animals, and no adverse effects of GM feeds on nutrition, immune response, reproduction performance and intestinal health of animals were found. The selected experimental materials, description of information, the method to assess the digestion and transportation of transgenic components of GM feeds, and the effects of GM feeds on immune response, reproduction performance and multigenerational effects on livestock and poultry were also analyzed synthetically to provide reference for establishment and further perfection of safety evaluation system of GM feeds.