城乡劳动力流动研究综述:理论与中国实证

A Literature Review on Rural-to-urban Labor Migration: Theory and Chinese Empirical Studies

改革开放以来,随着经济发展与户籍制度约束的放松,我国出现了大量农村劳动力流向城镇的现象,吸引了学界的广泛关注。本文主要综述关于劳动力流动驱动力及其影响方面的国内外研究。和其他工业化国家一样,我国劳动力流动趋势也与工业化进程相一致,同时与我国不同阶段的国民经济战略相关。劳动力流动的驱动力分为宏观和微观因素,我国宏观经济战略、户籍制度,以及微观个体及其家庭所面临的收入、福利、风险等因素相互交织,共同作用。在劳动力流动与收入差距的关系方面,不同学者分别从劳动力市场供需、商品市场供需和一般均衡模型出发得出了不同的结论。结合中国国情,国内学者一般认为促进劳动力流动有助于缩小城乡差距。在劳动力流动与经济增长的关系方面,二战后,刘易斯、费景汉、拉尼斯和乔根森等人不断发展完善了二元结构模型,80年代后,重视微观基础的新古典主义增长模型兴起,学者开始在此基础上研究劳动力流动与经济增长及经济周期的关系。本文还总结了国内测算劳动力流动对经济增长贡献率的不同方法和结果。对劳动力流动的研究已取得丰硕成果,但我国城镇化和劳动力流动尚有相当大的空间,把农村剩余劳动力全部转移至城镇,会面临更大的制度挑战。如何调整制度,更好地推进这一进程,仍是未来学术研究的一大热点。

Since China＇s reform and opening-up in 1978,as the economic development and the loosing of Hukou system,rural-urban labor migration in China has been an important social phenomenon that draws great attention of academia. This paper reviews the domestic and overseas research on the historical trend,driving forces and economic impacts of labor migration. Similar to the industrial countries,the trend of labor migration in China is closely related to the process of industrialization,and it is also related to China＇s economic policies in different stages. The driving forces of labor migration can be broken down into macro and micro factors. The macroeconomic strategy,Hukou system,the micro problems of individuals and their families interweave with each other and take effects together. With respect to the relationship between labor migration and income gap,scholars obtained different conclusions based on the partial equilibrium model of labor market or goods market and the general equilibrium model. In China,it is generally recognized that labor migration contributes to narrowing the rural-urban income gap. Another focus of our paper is the interaction between labor migration and economic development. After World War II,Lewis,Fei,Ranis and Jorgenson et al. put forward and developed the dual economic model. Since 1980 s,the neoclassical growth model with micro-foundation has been increasingly popular in the academia.Scholars began to use this research framework to study the impact of labor migration on economic development and business cycle. This paper also reviews different methods of measuring labor migration＇s contribution to GDP growth in domestic studies. Great progress has been made in the field of labor migration. But urbanization is far from complete in China,and we will have more challenges to promote surplus rural labor forcesto fully migrate to urban areas. It is still going to be a hotspot of future research.