林权流转中参与主体权责

Right and Responsibility of Participation Subjects in Forest Property Circulation

【目的】林权流转使林地等林业生产要素进入市场,提高了林地利用率,推动了林业持续快速健康发展,满足了国民经济和社会对林业的多种需求。林权流转的有序运行离不开林权流转参与主体权利和职责的确定。现行立法缺乏相关规定,已经制约了林权流转进一步发展。对各参与主体进行权责划分与制约,可使当事人、林业主管部门与服务部门紧密协作、相互配合,形成整体性力量,共同推动我国林权流转的顺利进行,保障林业生态功能作用的发挥。【方法】林权流转将森林、林木所有权或林地使用权转让给公民、法人及其他组织,是平等主体之间关于具有财产属性的林权的交易,遵循意思自治、诚实信用和公平交易原则,因而林权流转双方当事人是民事主体,分别为出让主体和受让主体,其权利界定宜从民事法律的角度进行。林权的公益性决定了政府在林权流转过程中必不可少的作用,因而林业主管部门是林权流转的管理主体,其职责界定宜从公法角度进行。林权交易中心是服务主体,暂时以政府引导为主,将来可以转向为具有民事性质的市场中介,提供全面的交易服务平台。【结果】林权流转出让方享有出让自主权、收益权、监督受让方依法经营的权利以及在流转期限届满时恢复对林权经营的权利;受让方享有经营自主权、依约处分经营权的权利、合同终止时的投入补偿权等。林权流转部门在流转行为管理方面,承担制定林权流转市场规则、维护市场秩序、促进公平竞争的任务,还承担引导林权流转、约束林权流转违法行为、提供林权流转配套服务、确权发证及调解林权纠纷的职能。林权交易中心承担为林权流转提供居间交易平台、为林业金融提供服务平台、为林权抵押贷款或森林保险等林地流转提供后续服务、为森林资源进行资产评估并为交易当事人提供林权登记服务的职能。【结论】实现林权的顺利流转,需要协调当事人、林业主管部门和服务部门之间的权责关系,调动林权流转当事人的积极性,放活经营权、落实处置权、保障收益权;发挥林业主管部门的主导作用,使其监督、引导、管理、保障、维护市场交易秩序,保护当事人的合法利益;发挥林权交易中心的服务作用,为林权流转搭建居间交易、金融服务、资产评估和登记服务平台。

Objective]Forestry production factors such as the woodland forest property enter the market and improve the land utilization through forest property circulation,which push forestry sustained,rapid and healthy development,and meet the various forestry needs of national economy and social benefit. Forest property orderly circulation is inseparable from the rights and responsibilities of participation subjects in forest property circulation. It has already restricted the further development of forest property circulation for lacking of relevant provisions in existing legislation. Dividing and restricting the responsibilities of participant form the overall strength and close collaboration and cooperation among the competent forestry authorities,parties and the service department,for the purpose of promoting forest property circulation having a healthy and steady development in China,and protecting the function of forestry ecology. [Method]Forest property is a property attribute among the equal subjects while the rights of forest property or woodland are exchanged among citizens,legal persons and other organizations,which follow the autonomy,the honest credit principle and even bargain,thus both trade parties of forest property circulation are civil subjects,including the transferor and the transferee, whose rights should be defined from the perspective of civil law. It is public welfare to make the government’s role become indispensable in forest right transfer,therefore,the competent forestry authorities ought to act as the administrative management subjects,and their functions should be conducted under the public law. Centers for forest property exchange are the service principals,who are temporarily guided by governments,but in the future they may turn to market intermediaries with the nature of civil law,and provide comprehensive transaction service platform. [Result]The transferors enjoy the right of transferring autonomy, the right of proceeds, the right of supervision on transferee management according to law,and the rights of recovering the forest right management when the time limit expires; the transferees enjoy the right of management autonomy,the right of disposing the operation rights,the right of compensation on the termination of the contract. In the circulation behavior management,the government takes the task of formulation market rules of forest right circulation,maintaining the market order,and promoting fair competition. The forestry departments shall also undertake these functions,which comprise guiding forest property circulation,constraining illegal behavior of forest property circulation,providing supporting services for forest property circulation,confirmation of the right and mediating the forest rights disputes. Centers for forest property exchange assume the functions which include providing intermediary trading platform for forest property circulation,supplying a service platform for forestry financial, furnishing follow-up services for mortgage,insurance and other woodland forest circulation,offering assessment for the forest resources assets and providing forest right registration service for the parties of transaction.[Conclusion]In order to realize the function of forest property circulation,it is necessary to coordinate the relationship of responsibilities among the parties,the competent forestry authorities and service department, mobilize the enthusiasm of the forest property circulation parties,free management right,implement the right of disposal,and ensure usufruct; the competent forestry authorities should play a leading role to supervise,guide,management,security,and maintain market order,and protect the legitimate interests of parties; centers for forest property exchange should play a service part to built a service platform on intermediary transactions,financial services,assets evaluation and registration for forest property circulation.