从《大宋五山图说》看南宋僧众生活方式

Buddhist Monks' Way of Life in the South Song Dynasty in Terms of The Illustrations of the Five Scenic Mountains in the Great Song Dynasty

《大宋五山图说》作为日本临济宗僧人无著道忠的代表作之一,其中收录了许多南宋寺院空间配置及家具样式的图示,同时也向我们透露了南宋僧人的生活方式。通过研究南宋寺院中的把针处、东司、浴室等功能空间可发现,宋代禅僧的生活方式实际是在不断挤压自己的生活空间和个人对欲望的追求。禅僧在经过这套生活方式的训练后,其在集体生活方面往往形成了很强的凝聚力,也直接促成了在宋代十方丛林的寺院体制下,来自四面八方的僧人能基本和谐地共同生活在一处寺院中。在宋代的禅寺中,若无严格的制度做保证,禅僧个人也就无法训练出合格的寺院生活方式,也很难在没有血缘或法缘背景下,和平地生活在一起。

One of the representative painting works of Muchaku Dochu, a monk of the Rinzai School in Ja- pan, The Illustrations of the Five Scenic Mountains in the Great Song Dynasty included illustrations of many spa- tial arrangements and furniture shapes in temples of the South Song Dynasty, exposing the way of life of monks in the dynasty. An investigation of several functional spaces of the temples, such as acupuncture clinic, washing room and bathing hall, finds that the monks＇ way of life actually squeezed steadily their own space of life and pursuit of personal desires. Through the training in this way of life, the monks developed a very strong cohesive strength in the collective life, which directly led to the historical fact that monks from different places could har- moniously live collectively in one temple under the system of public temples in the Song Dynasty. In the Bud- dhist temples of the day, without the assurance of strict regulations, no monk would have been trained into a proper way of temple life, nor could they have lived together peacefully without blood and Buddhist connections.