作为一种政治思想的“形名”论、“正名”论、“名实”论

The Theory of “Form and Name”,“Rectification of Names” and “Name and Reality” as a Kind of Political Thought

先秦秦汉时期与"名"相关的话题,最为多见的是"形名"、"正名"、"名实",围绕着这三个话题,均有非常丰富的政治思想。"形名"论可能最早出现于阴阳数术类文献中,对于"形名"的态度,道家奇妙地呈现出两个极端,一方面是对形名的轻视与否定,另一方面又是重视与肯定。老庄道家通过强调"形名"的局限性来反衬"道"的无限性。黄老道家强调"形名"作为规则、规范在秩序形成过程中的作用。法家、政论型名家和黄老道家的立场是一样的。"正名"论可以从三个角度去分析:第一,和语言能否正确使用的问题有关;第二,和身份、职责的确定与管理有关;第三,"正名"有时直接等同于法律法令。同"正名论"一样,"名实论"从语言控制和角色定位两个层面发挥出政治作用。语言控制表现为"名定而实辩"的语言使用理论。角色定位表现为"循名责实"的政治操作手段。

The most common topics related to the Names in Pre-Qin and Qin-Han Dynasty are＂Form and Name＂, ＂Rectification of Names＂ and ＂Name and Reality＂, around which contain very richpolitical thought. The theory of ＂Form and Name＂ may first appear in the literatures of Yinyang Shushu.The Daoist attitude towards ＂Form and Name＂ exhibits two extremes： on the one hand, neglecting andnegating it; on the other hand, valuing and affirming it. Lao-Zhuang Daoism emphasizes the limitations of＂Form and Name＂, in Contrast to the infinite of DaD. Huang-Lao Daoism emphasizes the importance ofthe ＂Form and Name＂ as a rule and regulation in formation of the orders. Legalism and the political typeof the School of Names hold the same attitude as Huang-Lao Daoism. The theory of ＂Rectification ofNames＂ can be analyzed in the following aspects： first, it is related the problem of the proper use oflanguage; second, it is linked to the identification and management of identities and responsibilities;third, ＂ Rectification of Names＂ sometimes directly equals laws and decrees. As with the theory of＂Rectification of Names＂, the theory of ＂Name and Reality＂ plays its political role from the aspects oflanguage control and role definition. The language control manifests as the theory of the language use-＂once the name is determined, then the real things can be distinguished＂, while the role definition as thepolitical skill- ＂expecting the names corresponding to the reality＂.