农场、农场制与中国家庭农场发展

Farm, Farm System and the Development of China's Family Farm

基于欧美国家农场的直观场景、产生历史等自然属性分析,农场是在一定规模的土地区域范围内进行商品性农产品生产经营及其必要生活活动的相对封闭独立、稳定的地理单元和一种生产经营组织方式。家庭农场是由家庭成员共享农场生产经营权利、共担风险责任,用家庭共同财产清偿生产经营债务的农业生产经营主体。农场制是不同国家、不同阶段有关农场的制度规范,体现农场的社会属性。中国由于特殊的历史、国情和制度,发展家庭农场不同于以土地私有制为基础的欧美国家,将面临经营状态的稳定性差、风险高、永续生存的基础薄弱、行政主导的负面效应大等特殊问题。促进中国家庭农场持续健康发展要遵循"肯定但不夸大、扶持但不包办"的理性思路,制定实施高标准制度规范,试点农业法人主体的注册登记改革,实施适度有效的扶持政策。

Based on analyzing the natural properties such as visual scenes and origins of the farms in the western countries, a farm can be defined as a geographic unit and a production and management way in a certain area which is devoted primarily to agricultural processes and necessary life activities in order to produce and manage agricultural commodities in the relatively closed, independent and stable way. A family farm is an agricultural production and management subject, in which family members will share farm production and management rights, risks and responsibilities,and the debt will be paid off with household common property. The farm system is a system specification made by different countries at different stages, reflecting its social attributes. Because of special history, national conditions and system, to develop family farms in China is different from that in European and American countries which are founded on the private land ownership; therefore, it will be confronted with such special problems as poor stability and higher risks in operation, weak foundation for sustainable development, and large negative effects of executive-led management and so on. To promote the sustainable and healthy development of the family farms in China, it is necessary to follow the rational mentality of ＂ appreciate but not exaggerate, support but not arrange everything＂, to formulate and implement high standard institutional norms, to make the pilot reform of agricultural legal entity registration system, and to formulate and implement appropriate and effective supporting policies.