宋代重庆书院探析

Analysis on the Chongqing Academies in the Song Dynasty

宋代重庆有14所书院,宋代重庆书院具有多种特点:一是发展处于全国书院的前列;二是时间和地域分布不均,北宋书院较少而南宋书院较多,且集中分布在重庆周边沿长江流域地区;三是以官办书院为主。分析宋代重庆书院的教学和管理,可以发现:在教学目的方面,宋代重庆书院的教学旨在探究学问,为传播理学思想而培养人才,教学目的中强调"学而致用";在教学内容方面,多以理学思想为指导来制订教学计划和安排教学内容,注重理学的传承与发展,但兼涉文史学科知识及其他学派思想;在教学方法方面,提倡"教学相长"的自由教学,以讲授法为主,辅以讨论法和自学,并适时采取"论辩问难"的教学方法;在师生关系方面,受到书院聘任的教师特别注重身教,以"人师"自勉自任,注重口传身教、人格垂范、精神感化、情怀熏陶,学习氛围开放、宽松、活跃,师生间的关系亲近和谐、民主平等;在教学管理方面,主要实行学业水平考试的考课制度;在办学经费方面,宋代重庆书院开创了一种官办民助的办学与管理模式,既克服了官办书院的层层束缚,又解决了民办书院办学经费不足的桎梏。宋代重庆书院有研究性办学、主体性教育的新理念,对现代教育教学仍有重要启示:一是师生淡泊名利的思想,对于转变当前教育界"重名利、轻学术"的错误认识,积极营造良好的学术氛围有重要启示;二是选聘教师以"择优而教"为主要标准值得现代教育关注;三是"教学相长"的自由教学理念以及和谐的师生关系与现代教育观念不谋而合。

There are 14 academies of Chongqing in Song dynasty,having many features： firstly,the deve lopment is in the forefront of the national academy; secondly,with unbalanced distribution of time and geography,there are more academies in the south than the north,most of which are concentrated along the Yangtze river near the Chongqing region; thirdly,the official academies are in the dominant position. Through the analysis on the teaching and management of Chongqing academies in Song dynasty,it can be found that in view of the teaching purpose,the academies in Chongqing focused on the exploration of knowledge,in order to spread the Confucianism to cultivate talents,emphasis on the learning and practice; in view of the teaching content,the Confucianism thought was used to guide and establish the teaching plan and arrange the teaching content,attention to the heritage and development of Confucianism,also to the subject of history,literature and other thoughts of school; in view of the teaching methods,the free teaching that to teach is to learn is advocated,priority given to the teaching,with discussion and self-learning as the complementary; in terms of the teachers and students’ relationship,the employed teachers paid much attention to the self-practice as the teaching,self-encouragement and appointment as the teachers,attention to the oral teaching,practice themselves,spirit encouragement,emotional enlightenment,open,relaxed and active learning atmosphere,with close,harmonious and equal relationship between the teachers and students; in terms of the teaching management,the performance level examination in the system of evaluation was applied; in terms of the operational funds,the Chongqing academies in Song dynasty started the running school and management mode combined with official running and private assistance,overcoming the deep bondage of official academy,and solving the shortage of the running funds. The Chongqing academies in Song dynasties have the new idea of research running school and subjectivity education,which still has important inspirations on the modern education and teaching： firstly,the thought of indifference the fame and wealth has great inspirations to change the wrong recognition of ＂weight on the fame and wealth,lightening on the scholarship＂in the present education circle,and to actively create the better atmosphere for the academic research; secondly,the main standard to select the excellent as the teachers is worth to be paid attention in the modern education; thirdly,the free teaching concept that teaching and learning benefit from each other and the harmonious relationship between the teachers and students all match with the modern education thought.