君主权力的继承与获取——欧洲政治历史的一种要害

Succession and seizure of the monarchical power: A fatal factor in European political history

通过分析君权神授、血统继承、选举产生、政变夺权和国际冲突决定五种方式,论述法国、德国、俄国、奥地利、波兰等国君主权力的继承和获取。通过继承,继位者将获得掌控一个国家的大权。就国内而言,某个王族或统治集团将掌握与支配这个国家的政府、财富、资源和军队;就国际而言,一个国家的国土、领地、属地、战略地位、经济,有可能全部或部分地落到其他国家的手中,甚至会改变欧洲的政治格局。君位继承权,其实就是国家的统治权或王族的统治权,谋求这个权力,事关维护或丧失国家利益。虽有数种权力继承的途径,但要将这种权力继承变为现实还是重重困难,甚至将通过血与火的磨练。了解君主权力的继承,有助于加深我们对欧洲近代政治史的认识。

By analyzing five forms of succession such as monarchical power given by god, succession by blood lineage, succession by election, seizure of power by coup d＇ etat or by international wars, this paper gives a comprehensive interpretation of the succession of monarchical powers in France, Germany, Russia, Austria, Poland and other countries. Through the succession of power, a royal family or a ruling group would control the entire country, including its government, wealth, resources and army. Internationally, the suc- cession of the monarchical power would change the political structure of Europe, because the land, territory, dependent territories, strategic position, and economic status of a given country, in whole or in part, might fall into the hands of other countries. Thus, a correct understanding of the succession of the monarchical power will deepen our understanding of modern political history.