在国家管辖外海域推进海洋保护区的制度反思与发展前瞻

Reflections and Prospects on Constructing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ)

在公海设置海洋保护区(MPAs)是海洋法的理念更新。2015年联合国大会决定在国家管辖以外海域商讨制定新的国际协定,应视为海洋环境保护制度的重大变革。此时,非常有必要检视以往区域性、专业性组织所进行的MPAs实践,分析相关的理论演进与制度问题,进而为未来的MPAs规范构建提供有益的借鉴。从国际海事组织(IMO)、世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)等专业性组织和南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)、奥斯陆和巴黎委员会(OSPAR)等区域性组织的实践可知,现在MPAs建立与管理最主要的问题在于规范基础不成体系、管理措施不够普遍有效。面对未来,需要把握海洋法从公海自由到公海治理的理念转变,在制度设计时避免唯科学主义、确保MPAs的社会经济性、维护利益相关方的利益,实现全球的可持续发展。

Setting up marine protected areas （MPAs） in the high seas is a renovation in the ideas in law of the sea. United Nations General Assembly decided in 2015 to launch the negotiation of new international agreements concerning areas beyond national jurisdiction （ABNJ）, which should be regarded as a major change for marine environmental protection regime. Hence, it is necessary to view the practice of MPAs under regional and professional organizations, analyze relevant theoretical evolution and institutional issues, and to provide useful lessons for future MPAs. From the experiences of International Maritime Organization （ IMO）, International Union for Conservation of Nature （IUCN） and other professional organizations like Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources （CCAMLR）, the Oslo and Paris Commission （OSPAR） as well as regional organizations shows that the main problems for the establishment and management of MPAs is the normative basis of fragmentized, and management measures are inadequate. In the future, it is needed to grasp transcend of ideas in the law of the sea from freedom of high seas to governance of high seas, to avoid scientism in institutional design, to ensure social economic effects of MPAs, to safeguard the interests of stakeholders, and to achieve global sustainable development.