乙型肝炎疫苗初次免疫成年低应答者再次免疫后4年抗体持久性观察

Anti-HBs persistence following revaccination with three doses of hepatitis B vaccine among low-responsive adults after primary vaccination：a 4-year follow-up study

目的：评价乙型肝炎疫苗（HepB）初次免疫成年低应答者再次免疫后4年的抗体持久性。方法于2009年9月，以山东省章丘市3个乡镇共79个村为研究现场，选取既往无乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染史和/或HepB免疫史、居住6个月以上、健康状况良好的18~49岁居民，共24237名。采集静脉血3~5 ml，采用ELISA方法检测乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）、乙型肝炎表面抗体（抗-HBc）和乙型肝炎核心抗体（抗-HBc）。经检测以上3项指标均为阴性者11590名，采用整群随机抽样方法，将其分为4组，按照0-1-6免疫程序分别接种3剂次20μg重组酵母HepB（HepB-SC）、20μg重组中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（HepB-CHO）、10μg HepB-SC和10μg重组汉逊酵母HepB（HepB-HP）进行初次免疫后，对其中892名低应答者进行随访（调查基本情况、HBV感染史、HepB免疫史、吸烟史、饮酒史、慢性病史等）并按照相同程序再次免疫，于再次免疫后1个月（T1）、4年（再免后4年），采用化学发光微粒子免疫分析法检测抗-HBs、HBsAg和抗-HBc。再免后4年，共随访了529名对象，分别采用多因素非条件logistic回归模型和多因素线性回归模型分析抗-HBs阳性和GMC的影响因素。结果892名初次免疫低应答者中，共随访到529名对象，随访率为59.3%。其中，男性占52.2%（276名），女性占47.8%（253名）。T1时抗-HBs阳性率为82.6%（437例），再免后4年为28.2%（149例）；T1时抗-HBs的GMC为542.06（95%CI：466.72~629.56）mU/ml，再免后4年为27.69（95%CI：23.08~33.23）mU/ml。与T1时抗-HBs的GMC为0~99 mU/ml者相比，GMC为≥1000 mU/ml者的抗-HBs阳性率较高，OR（95%CI）值为39.67（13.81～114.01）；与再次免疫接种20μg HepB-SC者相比，接种20μg HepB-CHO、10μg HepB-SC和10μg HepB-HP者再免后4年抗-HBs的GMC较低，b（95%CI）值分别为-0.40（-0.78～-0.02）、-0.57（-1.01～-0.15）和-0.63（-1.03^-0.23）；与T1时抗-HBs的GMC为0~99 mU/ml者相比，GMC为100~999和≥1000 mU/ml者抗-HBs的GMC均较高，b（95%CI）值分别为0.93（0.53～1.33）和3.31（2.88～3.73）。结论 HepB初次免疫成年低应答者再次免疫后4年抗-HBs阳性率和GMC下降，但仍可以获得良好的保护；低应答者再次免疫后的抗体持久性主要与疫苗种类、再次免疫1个月时抗-HBs滴度水平有关。

Objective To assess the 4-year anti-HBs persistence after revaccination with 3-dose of hepatitis B vaccine （HepB） among low-responsive adults. Methods A total of 24 237 healthy adults who had no history of hepatitis B infection and hepatitis B vaccination, resided in the local area for more than six months and were aged 18-49 years were selected from 79 villages of Zhangqiu county, Shandong province, China in 2009. Blood samples were obtained and hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg）, antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen （anti-HBs） and antibody against hepatitis B core antigen （anti-HBc） were detected using ELISA method. A total of 11 590 persons who were negative for all of these indicators were divided into four groups by cluster sampling method. Each group was vaccinated with one of the following four types of HepB at 0-1-6 months schedule：20μg HepB derived in Saccharomyces cerevisiae （HepB-SC）, 20μg HepB derived in Chinese hamster ovary cell （HepB-CHO）, 10μg HepB-SC and 10μg HepB derived in Hansenula polymorpha （HepB-HP）. Blood samples were collected one month after the third dose of primary immunization and tested for anti-HBs using chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay （CMIA）. The 892 low-responders were revaccinated with three doses of HepB at 0-1-6 months schedule and the type of HepB was the same as which was used for primary immunization. During the follow-up to low-responders, the following informations were collected： the demographic characteristics （including age, gender）, histories of hepatitis B infection, hepatitis B vaccination, smoking, drinking and chronic diseases. Blood samples were collected one month （T1） and four years after revaccination and anti-HBs, anti-HBc and HBsAg （if anti-HBs 〈10 mU/ml） were detected by CMIA. The risk factors associated with positive rate of anti-HBs and GMC of anti-HBs were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis and multifactor linear regression model analysis respectively. Anti-HBs titer at T1 was grouped according to the level and was considered as the independent variable in the model analysis. Results A total of 529 participants were identified from 892 low-responders. Among 529 participants, 276 （52.2%） were males and 253 （47.8%） were females. The positive rate was 82.6% （437/529） at T1 and it decreased to 28.2% （149/529） four years after revaccination. The corresponding GMC decreased from 542.06 （95%CI： 466.72-629.56） mU/ml to 27.69 （95%CI： 23.08-33.23） mU/ml. Multivariable analysis showed the positive rate of anti-HBs 4 years after revaccination was independently associated with anti-HBs titer at T1. The positive rate among those whose anti-HBs titer more than 1 000 mU/ml at T1 was significantly higher than those whose anti-HBs titer less than 100 mU/ml. The OR （95%CI） was 39.67 （13.81-114.01）. The GMC was associated with HepB type for revaccination and anti-HBs titer at T1. The GMC among those revaccinated 20 μg HepB was significantly higher than those revaccinated 20 μg HepB-CHO, 10 μg HepB-SC and 10 μg HepB-HP. The b （95%CI） was-0.40 （-0.78--0.02）,-0.57 （-1.01--0.15） and-0.63 （-1.03--0.23）, respectively. The GMC among those whose anti-HBs titer 100-999 mU/ml and those whose anti-HBs titer≥1 000 mU/ml at T1 were higher than those whose anti-HBs titer 〈100 mU/ml. The b （95%CI） was 0.93 （0.53-1.33） and 3.31 （2.88-3.73） respectively. Conclusion Anti-HBs GMC decreased rapidly 4 years after revaccination among low-responsive adults, but still kept good protecion. The anti-HBs persistence after revaccination was associated with HepB type for revaccination and anti-HBs level of titer one month after revaccination.