自由式滑雪空中技巧运动员平衡控制能力研究

Research on Balance Control Ability of Freestyle Skiing Aerial Skill Athletes

目的:探讨不同运动水平、性别、年度、站立方式和视觉类型对自由式滑雪空中技巧运动员平衡控制能力的影响。方法:利用芬兰Metitur平衡分析系统对28名运动员进行测试,按级别(国家队12名、国家青年队16名)和性别分为4组,分别在2012、2013和2014年进行睁、闭眼单、双腿测试。采用5因素(2×2×3×3×2)重复测量方差分析检验不同因素对平衡能力差异性的影响。结果:1)各因素的主效应均存在显著性差异(P<0.01),年度×级别以及年度×性别的交互作用具有显著性差异(P<0.01);2)在Vx、Vy、R上,国家青年队在2012、2013年度显著性高于国家队(P<0.01);在Vx上,国家青年男队在双腿站立时显著性高于女队(P<0.05);在Vy上,国家青年男队在2013、2014年的单腿站立时显著性高于女队(P<0.05);3)在闭眼双腿和闭眼单腿站立时,国家队2012年显著性高于2013年(P<0.05);在闭眼双腿和睁眼单腿站立时,国家青年队2012年显著性高于2014年(P<0.05)。4)国家队3年的趋势呈漏斗型,国家青年队呈斜线型;5)在2013年的Vy和R上,国家队为右腿显著性高于左腿(P<0.05),国家青年队为左腿显著性高于右腿(P<0.05)。结论:1)5因素对平衡能力均具有影响,大小为站立方式>视觉类型>级别>年度>性别;另外,也受级别×年度双因素的影响较大。2)不同年度运动员的平衡控制能力不同;不同水平运动员左、右腿的单腿站立平衡控制能力不同。3)平衡难度越大对视觉的依赖性越强。4)各组平衡能力为:国家女队>国家男队>国家青年女队>国家青年男队;国家青年队的单腿平衡控制能力较差。

Objective：To study the impact of different training levels,gender,test years,standing styles and visual type on balance control ability of athletes specialized in freestyle skiing aerial skill.Methods：Using Finland Metitur Postural Balance Measuring System,28 athletes from Chinese National Team（NT）and Chinese National Youth Team（NYT）were recruited to test their balance abilities.They were separated into 4groups based on levels（12 NT athletes and16 NYT athletes）and genders.Balance abilities（Open/closed eyes,standing on single/double legs）were tested in the years of 2012,2013 and 2014.Mixed five-factors（2×2×3×3×2）repetitive measurement ANOVA were performed to detect the impacts of the factors on balance abilities.Results：1）There were significant differences between main effects of all factors（P〈0.01）,and also significant differences of the interaction between the Test years × Level and Test years × Gender（P〈0.01）;2）The Vx、Vy and R of NYT in 2012 and 2013were significantly higher than that of NT（P〈0.01）.The Vx of standing with double legs of males in NYT were significantly higher than that of females.The Vy of standing with single leg of NYT males in 2012 and 2013 were significantly higher than that of females（P〈0.01）;3）Balance indexes of NT athletes in standing both on double legs and single leg with closed eyes in 2012 were significantly higher than 2013（P〈0.05）.However,for opened eyes with corresponding standing ways,indexes from NYT in 2012 were significantly higher than 2014（P〈0.05）;4）The trend of indexes for the 3test years were in a funnel shape for NT,while a diagonal shape for NYT;5）As for the Vy and R in 2013,indexes of right leg in NT were significantly higher than that of left leg（P〈0.05）.Whereas indexes of left leg for NYT were higher value than that of right leg（P〈0.05）.Conclusion：1）All the five factors,which include standing styles,visual types,training grades and years,have impacts on balance.In addition,there were significant contribution on balance by the interaction between Test years and Gender.2）Athletes in different years show different ability of balance control,and athletes in different grades present different ability of single leg balance.3）Balance greatly depends on vision.4）The abilities of balance control of female athletes in NT,male athletes in NT,female athletes in NYT,and male athletes in NYT,decreased progressively.Finally,athletes in NYT shows a less ability of the single leg balance control.