从“任性”到“和解”:当前社会道德问题的根源与伦理策略

From self-will to reconciliation: causes of moral issues and their ethical strategies

任性,使得金钱与权力这些现实世界中的伦理普遍物失去了伦理本性而成为任性个体的欲望存在,甚至沦为社会冲突的个体行动工具。任性的道德冲突表现在三个方面:其一,"任性"普遍物的道德冲突,产生了"道德贱民"与"服务的德行"腐化;其二,个体性与普遍物之间的道德冲突,凸显市民社会"有财(富)而不富(足)"的贫困现实及官民对立的矛盾;其三,个体性与个体性之间的道德冲突,表现为"不行动主义"的道德冷漠以及"行动主义"的道德绑架以至"丛林主义"的暴力伤害。现代多元化民主社会中不能简单地排斥任性的特殊性原则,但也不能任由其"虚无化"的发展,而是在与伦理性的调和统一中得以保存,这就是和解的道路。这需要:第一,制度上的和解,即通过制度的历史变迁实现对公共领域的规范性重构;第二,重视家庭作为和解的中介机制,介于个人与社会之间,家庭是培育个人与共同体统一的情感与规范的训练场;第三,个体间的和解,他者的在场是对任性行动的自我否定,是自我与他人和解的前提;最后是自我的和解,行动的动机与理由统一,人格同一性的实现。

Such universal things as money and power have lost their ethical nature and become what self-willed indi-viduals are merely desirous of. The moral conflicts as a result of self-will are shown in three aspects: conflicts be-tween universal things,between individualism and universal things and between individualisms. A pluralisticdemocratic society should adopt a conciliatory attitude instead of rejecting self-will,i.e. to seek reconciliation be-tween systems and between individuals. Besides,more importance should be attached to family for the role itplays as mediator.