高潜水位煤矿区采煤沉陷湿地及其生态治理

Subsidence Wetlands in Coal Mining Areas with High Water Level and Their Ecological Restoration

在高潜水位煤矿区,井工煤矿开采导致的大面积沉陷积水,使原有土地变为采煤沉陷湿地。对开采沉陷湿地进行合理规划和治理,可以使高潜水位矿区在生态系统演替过程中削弱开采对生态环境和经济社会的负面影响,使其发挥最大的社会、经济和生态效益,同时,有效地补充中国日益减少的湿地数量。探讨了采煤沉陷湿地的内涵及其在湿地分类系统中的归属,分析了其形成原因及变化过程,分别介绍了湿地公园、水产养殖、水库和污水处理等主要治理方式,以及水污染处理、水系修复与连通、基底改造、植物选择与布局和动态规划在内的采煤沉陷湿地的生态治理关键技术,为高潜水位地区生态修复和采煤沉陷湿地生态治理提供参考。

In the coal mining area with high water level, the mining activities resulted in the land subsidence and caused water logging, large areas of farmland and construction land merged into water. The subsidence wetlands caused by mining activities has not been defined clearly in the former researches, this paper has studied its connotation, and its location in the wetland classification system. According to the mining subsidence theory, the forming reasons of the topography and hydrography of the subsidence wetlands and the features of soil and vegetation had been analyzed. With substantial water recharge, the subsidence wetlands provided ideal condition for the construction wetland establishment. At present, the main restoration types of subsidence wetlands including Wetland Park, aquiculture, water reservoir and constructed wetlands for water clean, their functions and application conditions had been listed and illustrated. Finally, the key techniques during the restoration of subsidence wetlands, including the contaminated water remediation, water system restoration and connection, water basement reconstruction, species selection and vegetation design, and dynamic planning had been proposed which provide a reference for the ecological restoration of the subsidence wetlands in the coal mining area with high water level. The subsidence wetlands has changed the terrestrial ecosystem into terrestrial-aquatic ecosystem which enhanced the ecological service function, landscape diversity and resistance ability, hence, it is proposed that under the premise of consider farmland as the first choice of the restoration,the ecological restoration of subsidence wetlands should be promoted to meet the need of the regional development. With the application of the comprehensive restoration methods with fully consideration of the local condition, the restoration activities of the subsidence wetlands could alleviate the eco-environment; social and economic impact caused by mining activities, and become a positive role in the regional development.