技术难题、政治过程与文化结果——“瞄准偏差”的三种研究视角及其对中国“精准扶贫”的启示

Technological Barriers,Political Process and Cultural Consequence: Three research perspectives on targeting error and the implications for “targeting poverty”in China

"瞄准效率"或"瞄准偏差"是西方社会政策研究和福利效应评估的重要内容。有关"瞄准偏差"的研究可被归纳为三种视角。"技术难题"视角从"瞄准机制的简约性要求和社会环境的复杂性现实"的矛盾出发,认为个体瞄准机制、类型瞄准机制和区域瞄准机制都会面临相应的技术难题,从而导致瞄准偏差的产生;"政治过程"视角从"扶贫的社会福利诉求和国家治理的政治性诉求不完全一致"的矛盾出发,强调政治氛围、政府层级分化以及基层社会治理都可能影响福利资源的分配方向和方式;"文化结果"视角则从"扶贫及社会救助的文化相容性"出发,发现福利污名化的文化差异以及福利污名化在社会政策中的应用是导致贫困者被排斥和福利资源漏出的重要原因。中国"精准扶贫"的理论研究和战略制定一方面需要综合考虑技术手段、政治因素和文化因素,另一方面需要在政治过程考察和文化因素分析两方面建构本土性解释框架。

Research on social policy have formed three perspectives for researching'targeting error':the technological barrier perspective,political process perspective and cultural consequence perspective.The technological barrier perspective considers technological difficulties encountered by the individual targeting mechanism,categorical targeting mechanism and regional targeting mechanism.The political process perspective emphasizes that the political climate,government's hierarchical differentiation and the governance mode in grass-roots society may affect the direction and methods of social welfare resources distribution.The cultural consequence perspective finds that the stigma of social welfare and the application of such stigma in social policy are key factors accounting for the social exclusion of the poor and the unfair use of welfare resources.Theoretical research and the'targeting poverty'policy in China should integrate technological,political and cultural factors.Researchers need to construct a localized framework in the analysis of the political process and cultural consequences.