解释比赛“Choking”的新视角:心智游移理论

New Perspective on Choking: Mind-Wandering Theories

比赛中运动员发生的"走神"现象在心理学上称为心智游移(mind-wandering),是一种个体普遍存在的对目标任务和外部环境意识下降的现象。对有关"Choking"和心智游移的理论和实证研究进行梳理、分析和综述。研究认为,压力下的心智游移可能是导致"Choking"的原因之一;对比赛结果/回报的关注诱发了心智游移;任务性质是心智游移和运动表现之间的调节变量。可以通过测量运动员日常生活、训练、认知操作中心智游移的发生频率和内容来预测比赛中发生的心智游移。正念训练通过减少心智游移来提高运动表现。由此,相比于当前主流的"Choking"理论,心智游移理论解释了走神导致的表现下降,对内源性想法的测量和预防具有可操作性,对运动训练具有应用价值。

We define condition that athletes are distracted by some unrelated thoughts in competition as mind-wandering. It is a pervasive phenomenon that individual become decreasing awareness of task and external environments. Theories and empirical researches about choking and mind-wandering have been analyzed and reviewed. Existing results indicated that mind-wandering under pressure might be one of the causes of choking. Mind-wandering was more likely happened when athletes fo- cusing on results/rewards of competition. Task characteristics play a role of moderator between mind-wandering and competition performance. We could predict distractions and worries of athletes in competition by measuring their rates and contents of mind-wandering among daily life, training and cognition task. Mindfulness training could enhance competitors＇ performance through decreas- ing mind-wandering. Thus, theories of mind-wandering have made clear how task-unrelated thoughts lead to under-performance compared with choking theories. Methods of measuring and intervening are operable, and has a number of applications.