基于可持续生计的精准扶贫分析方法及应用研究——以四川凉山彝族自治州为例

Theoretical analysis and case study on targeted poverty alleviation based on sustainable livelihoods framework:A case study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province

可持续生计框架是辩证思考贫困的影响因素及其形成过程的理论总结,有助于对精准扶贫进行规范化和系统化的研究。本文以可持续生计框架为蓝本,构建基于可持续生计的精准扶贫分析框架,并从影响农户生计的内因和外因视角,讨论精准扶贫的多维贫困识别指数(MPII)的基本构成。以四川省凉山州作为案例区域,建立具有本土特色的MPII指标体系;识别出420户贫困户,其中80.48%(338户)的建档立卡户与识别结果重叠;与建档立卡农户相比,所识别贫困农户在各单个维度和综合维度都几乎处于更劣势的水平,识别效果更加精准。根据贫困原因的相似性,可将贫困农户划分为人力资本贫困型、基础型资本贫困型、社会资本贫困型、多维资本贫困型、生计环境恶劣型等五种类型,并针对不同的贫困类型提出相应的帮扶措施。

Targeted poverty alleviation refers to focusing on the poor in anti-poverty programs and enhancing the ability of those who desire to fight against poverty. Sustainable livelihoods framework facilitates exploring the influencing factors and formation of poverty, which is useful in standardized and systematic research on precision poverty alleviation. Based on this framework, our study sets up an analytical framework to divide precision poverty alleviation into four stages and five links in order to assist the poor to reduce poverty; it also discusses the basic components of multidimensional poverty identification index （MPII） from the perspective of internal and external causes of difficulties in farmers＇ livelihood. Taking Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province as the example, we establish a unique MPII index system. A total of 420 households are identified as impoverished families. About 80% of the designated poor households （who are registered at the government office） overlap with the identified families; and the identified poor households are the poorest among those who have been registered, both in individual dimensions and the integrated dimension, so the identification is more accurate. The poor households can be divided into five types： lack of human capitals, lack of primary capitals, lack of social capitals, lack of multidimensional capitals, and living in severe environmental condition. Corresponding measures have been proposed in accordance with the causes of poverty conditions.