霍尔电推进技术的发展与应用

Development and application of Hall electric propulsion technology

霍尔电推进具有推力密度大、推力功率比大、比冲高及系统可靠等优点,在20世纪60~70年代突破关键技术、完成空间试验后,在俄、美、欧等航天器上获得大量应用,执行位置保持、轨道转移、轨道调整和深空探测主推进等任务。目前,100 W级到5 k W级功率的霍尔推力器已经实现在轨应用,100 k W功率的霍尔推力器已在研制中。针对未来载人深空探测、GEO卫星、低轨和超低轨卫星及轨道机动飞行器等任务需求,霍尔电推进朝着更大功率包络,更强多模式调节能力,更高性能,更长寿命及推进剂多样化等方向发展。在分析霍尔电推进技术特点和适用任务后,对国内外霍尔电推进技术的发展现状、任务应用等进行了综述,最后对霍尔电推进的发展趋势进行了展望。

Hall electric propulsion has the merits of high thrust density, high thrust-to-power ratio, high specific impulse and high reliability. It brought through its key technology and completed its space experiments during 1960s and 1970s. Now Hall electric propulsion has got a lot of applications, such as station keeping, orbit transfer, orbit adjustment and main propulsion of deep space, in spacecrafts of Russia, USA and some other countries. Currently, on-orbit application of 100 W-5 kW Hall thrusters has been realized, and 100 kW Hall thruster is under development. According to the mission requirements of future manned deep-space exploration, GEO satellites, LEO satellites and super low orbit satellites and orbital maneuver vehicles, Hall electric propulsion is developed towards the directions of higher-power envelope, stronger multimode adjustment capability, higher performance,longer life and propellant diversification. In this paper, the technical features and the applicable tasks of Hall electric propulsion technology is analyzed, the development and applications of Hall electric propulsion technology at home and abroad are reviewed, and then the development trends of Hall electric propulsion is prospected.