不同自然环境和城市功能区的土壤黑碳特征及来源研究

Characteristics and Sources of Soil Black Carbon in Different Natural Environments and Urban Functional Areas

黑碳是由生物质和化石燃料等燃烧产生的一系列含碳物质,长期广泛分布于土壤、大气等多种载体中,且表现出不同的环境效应。土壤作为一种不可再生的自然资源,是人类生存与发展不可缺少的物质基础,也是支撑城市发展的空间和生态基础。土壤中的黑碳构成土壤有机碳库的重要组分,且影响着土壤肥力、结构、有机污染物等多方面。目前,对黑碳的研究集中在其对环境的影响,我国在这方面的研究开始较晚,特别是对土壤中黑碳的研究还处于起步阶段。本文详细分析了土壤黑碳的可能来源(自然火灾、人类农业活动、化石燃料燃烧以及汽车尾气排放等),概括了常见的土壤黑碳来源辨析方法(黑碳形态特征分析、黑碳/有机碳比值分析、黑碳碳同位素分析),总结了国内外对不同自然环境、不同城市功能区的土壤黑碳研究现状。最后,提出了全球黑碳研究亟待关注和解决的关键问题,以期为将来合理制定控制黑碳排放的相关政策,减缓黑碳对环境质量和人体健康的影响,提供重要的理论依据。

Black carbon is a series of carbonaceous substances produced by combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. It is widely distributed in soil, atmosphere and other carriers for a long time, and exhibits different environmental effects. As a non-renewable natural resource, soil is indispensable material foundation for human survival and development, and it is also the spatial and ecological basis for urban development. Black carbon in soils constitutes an important component of soil organic carbon pool, and affects the soil fertility, structure, organic pollutants and many other aspects. At present, the study of black carbon concentrates on its environmental impact, and our research in this area is late, especially the research on black carbon in soil is still at the initial stage. We analyzed the possible sources of black carbon in soil （natural fire, human agricultural activity, fossil fuel combustion and automobile exhaust emissions）, and summarized the common methods for identification of black carbon sources （black carbon morphological characteristics analysis, black carbon/organic carbon ratio analysis, carbon isotope analysis of black carbon）, and reviewed the research status of soil black carbon in different natural environments and different urban functional areas at home and abroad. Finally, we put forward the key issues that need to be concerned and resolved in the global black carbon research, so as to provide the important theoretical basis for the future development of the relevant policies to control the black carbon emission, and mitigate the impact of black carbon on the environment quality and human health.