中国历史古迹保护的战时合作——罗伯茨委员会在华活动考(1944—1945)

Wartime Collaboration on Preserving the Historic Monuments:The Roberts Commission in China 1944—1945

罗伯茨委员会是二战期间由美国总统罗斯福签署设立的政府机构,旨在协调并促进盟军在战时及战后对欧洲文物古迹的保护、抢救与清理。自1944年4月始,随着美军对日本本土及日占区全面空袭的展开,罗伯茨委员会开始着力于远东地区文物与古迹的保护工作。通过与以梁思成为代表的中国学者的合作,罗伯茨委员会为中国战区的文物与古迹免遭空袭破坏做出了重要的贡献。文章利用美国国家档案馆的相关原始资料来梳理这段重要却鲜为人知的历史,并进一步指出,这段战时学者的跨国合作,在一定程度上影响了二战后美国对中国考古、中国艺术史乃至中国建筑史等学科研究的发展轨迹,并为战后中国文物与古迹保护的理论与实践奠定了一定的基础。

The Roberts Commission was established by US President Roosevelt during World War II with the purpose of preserving cultural properties in Allied-occupied areas in Europe. Since April 1944, the Commission started on preserving historic monuments of the Far East areas, considering the circumstances that the US Army Air Force would soon conduct strategic air bombing raids on Japan and Japan-occupied areas. Through the collaboration with Chinese scholars represented by Liang Sicheng, the Roberts Commission played an important role in preserving cultural properties and historic monuments in China towards the end of the war. By investigating the archival sources from the US National Archives, the overlooked significance of this history of the US-China scholar collaboration between 1944 and 1945 was examined. Moreover, it is argued that the wartime collaboration between American and Chinese scholars has an noticeable effect on the postwar study of Chinese archaeology, art history and architectural history in the US. Meanwhile, it also set stepping stones for postwar practice on preserving historic architecture and monuments in China.