气候变暖对植物、传粉者及其相互作用的影响

Effects of climate warming on flowering plants,pollinators and their interactions

植物和传粉者之间的相互作用,构成了错综复杂的传粉网络。近20年来,以全球变暖为主要特征的气候变化对开花植物、传粉昆虫和植物-传粉者相互作用的影响已成为研究热点。这些研究有助于更好地预测气候变暖对传粉网络乃至整个生态系统功能的影响。本文综述了气候变暖对开花植物个体的繁殖过程(物候、花吸引、报酬特征)和传粉昆虫活动及其相互作用产生的影响,以及在群落水平上对植物-传粉者网络产生的影响。气候变暖影响开花植物的花报酬(花蜜量、花粉的数量与质量)以及繁殖成功;温度升高对传粉昆虫的影响主要包括决定花粉流的传粉行为和传粉成功率。因此,气候变暖背景下植物、传粉者及其相互作用的改变会导致传粉网络结构发生变化,而传粉网络通过缓冲机制减少植物-传粉者间的错配而产生的负面效应,以维持自身稳定性。总体上,目前对气候变暖背景下植物-传粉者网络的研究较为薄弱,今后的研究应进一步关注以下问题:(1)气候变暖影响植物与传粉者物候匹配程度的原因、机制以及影响因素;(2)进一步探究不同生态系统中植物-传粉者的相互作用;(3)从群落水平或生态系统水平对植物-传粉者相互作用网络开展长期性研究。

The interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators constitute complex pollination networks. Over the past twenty years, the effects of global warming, as the main feature of climate change, on flowering plants, pollinators and their interactions have become a hot topic of research. These studies will help us to better predict the effect of climate warming on pollination networks and even the ecosystem functions. This paper reviews the influences of climate warming on reproduction of flowering plants, including flowering phenology, characteristics of floral attraction and reward, pollinator activities and plantpollinator interactions, as well as plantpollinator networks at the community level. Flowering plants can respond to climate warming by adjusting floral resource availability （the amount of nectar, the quantity and quality of pollen） and reproduction output of pollinating insects. Climate warming can affect pollinatormediated patterns of pollen flow and thus pollination success. Under the background of climate warming, therefore, changes in plants, pollinators and their interactions will alter the structure of pollination networks. However, the pollination networks can alleviate the mismatch between plants and pollinators caused by inconsistent changes by the buffering mechanisms, and thus maintain the stability. Overall, the studies on pollination networks under the background of global warming are still lacking, and future researches should highlight the following aspects： （1） to shed light on the causes and mechanisms of effects of global warming on phenology matching degree between plants and pollinators; （2） further to explore interactions between plants and pollinators in different ecosystems globally; （3） to conduct longterm studies of interaction networks between plants and pollinators at the levels of community and ecosystem.