传统地缘政治学对美国“遏制”战略的影响及其现实意义

The Influence of the Traditional Geopolitics on the “Containment” Strategy of the United Statesand Its Practical Significance

马汉的"海权论"、麦金德的"心脏地带"理论、斯皮克曼的"边缘地带"理论,都是传统地缘政治学理论发展史上具有重要里程碑意义的成就,且都不同程度地对崛起时期的美国对外战略产生了深刻影响,尤其对战后美国的"遏制"战略更是产生了直接的作用。美国"遏制"战略的目标是控制欧亚大陆"心脏地带"的苏联,其"遏制"力量的地理配置主要在欧亚大陆的"边缘地带",以海外军事基地为前沿、突出军事力量的"遏制"作用。纵观美国"遏制"战略的基本框架,显然受到麦金德、马汉、斯皮克曼等地缘政治学家的影响。地缘政治学曾经作为美国"遏制"战略的重要理论依据,在某种意义上充当了美国全球扩张的重要工具。其影响之深刻,以至于美国的"亚太再平衡"战略中带有十分突出的地缘政治色彩。

Mahan's'sea power'theory,Mackinder's theory of the Heartland,and Spykman's theory of the rimland are milestone achievements in the development of traditional geopolitics and have influenced US strategy in its emerging period,and especially on its post-war'containment'strategy.The goal of the'containment'strategy of the USA is to control the former Soviet Union as the heartland of the Eurasian Continent,its'containment'force is mainly distributed along the rim of the Eurasian Continent,its overseas military bases function as the military frontier,and it highlights the role of'containment'.Traditional geopolitics as represented by Mahan,Mackinder and Spykman serves as the rationale for the containment theory of the USA,and also a tool for its global expansion.Its influence is so profound that there is a very prominent geopolitical presence in the United States’'Asia Pacific rebalancing'strategy.