施氮量对春小麦生长及土壤养分积累的影响

Effects of Nitrogen Application Amount on the Growth and Soil Nutrient Accumulation of Spring Wheat

【目的】研究不同施氮量对拜城滴灌春小麦生长及土壤养分空间分布的影响规律,寻找适宜生长及土壤养分积累的施氮量,为科学合理、高效施用氮肥、保护麦田生态环境提供理论依据。【方法】2016年,在拜城农业试验站试验田进行,以春小麦(宁春44号)为研究对象,设置对照(0 kg/hm^2,CK)、低氮(105 kg/hm^2,N1)、中氮(210 kg/hm^2,N2)和高氮(315 kg/hm^2,N3)4个施氮量水平,分析各处理对春小麦生长(SPAD值、产量及产量构成因子和不同器官氮、磷和钾的吸收和分配)和土壤养分(有机质、全氮、速效氮)积累的影响差异。【结果】(1)春小麦在拔节、抽穗、开花和灌浆期的SPAD值随着施氮量的增加而增加,施氮量315 kg/hm^2较利于春小麦SPDA值的积累。(2)春小麦产量与穗长、总小穗数、结实小穗数、不育小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量均有显著性相关性(P<0.05),施氮量105、210和315 kg/hm^2的产量分别较对照增产7.2%、27.6%和42.1%,其中,施氮量315 kg/hm^2增产约114.08 kg/667 m^2。(3)不同施氮量春小麦籽粒、茎的氮、磷素分配量为籽粒>茎(P<0.05),而钾素的分配表现为茎>籽粒(P<0.05);施氮量的增加促进了春小麦对氮、磷和钾素的吸收,施氮量315 kg/hm^2较有利于氮素的吸收,施氮量210 kg/hm^2较有利于磷、钾吸收。(4)垂直方向上,各处理土壤养分随着土壤层深度的增加而逐渐降低。水平方向上,距滴管带0 cm,施氮量315kg/hm^2较有利于土壤养分(有机质、全氮、速效氮)积累;距滴管带15、30 cm,施氮量315 kg/hm^2较有利于土壤速效氮的积累,施氮量210 kg/hm^2较有利于土壤有机质、全氮的积累。【结论】综上所述,315kg/hm^2可作为新疆适宜小麦生长的施氮量,为小麦滴灌施肥技术提供科学、理论依据。

【 Objective】 This project aims to study the influence law of effects of different amounts of ni-trogen fertilizer on the growth of spring wheat and temporal and spatial distribution of soil nutrients in Baicheng in the hope of finding suitable amount of nitrogen applied for growth and soil nutrient accumulation, thus a一chieving scientific, rational and efficient application of nitrogen fertilizer and providing theoretical basis for the protection of ecological environment in the wheat fields.【 Method】 In the year 2016, the test field in Baicheng Agricultural Experimental Station was chosen, and the test subject was drip irrigation spring wheat （ Ninchun 44） . The four nitrogen levels ： control （0 kg/hm2, CK）,low nitrogen （105 kg/hm2, N1）,middle nitrogen （210 kg/hm2, N2 ） and high nitrogen （315 kg/hm2, N3 ） were set to analyze the differences in the growth of spring wheat （ SPAD value and the factor of nitrogen in different organs, yield and yield components of phos一phorus and potassium absorption and distribution） and difference of soil nutrient accumulation （ organic mat一ter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen） . [Result] （1） The SPAD value was increasing with the increase of ni一trogen application amount in jointing, heading, flowering and grain filling stages of spring wheat. And thesuitable nitrogen amount was 315 kg/hm2. （2） There was significant correlation between yield and panicle length, total spikelet number, seedling spikelet number, sterile spikelet number, spikelet number, grain weight and grain yield （ P 〈 0. 05 ） . The yield of nitrogen fertilizer 105, 210 and 315 kg/hm2 increased by 7.2% , 27.6% and 42. 1% respectively, compared with CK, among which, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer 315 kg/hm2 increased by about 114.08 kg/667 m2. （3） Different nitrogen and phosphorus allocation amount in grain and stem of spring wheat was ： grain 〉 stem （P 〈0. 05） , while the distribution of K was expressed as stem 〉 grain （P 〈 0. 05） . The increase of nitrogen amount promoted the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by spring wheat. The most beneficial nitrogen amount of absorbing N was 315 kg/hm2, and it was 210 kg/hm2 for P and K uptake. （4） In vertical direction, soil nutrients gradually decreased with the in-crease of soil layer depth. In horizontal direction, the nitrogen amount 315 kg/hm2 was more favorable to soil nutrient （organic matter, total nitrogen and available nitrogen） at the distance 0cm to the dropper belt. At thedistance of 15, 30 cm to the dropper belt, 315 kg/hm2 was favorable to the accumulation of soil available ni-trogen ,and 210 kg/hm2 was favorable to the accumulation of organic matter and total nitrogen.【 Conclusion】 In summary, it can serve as a suitable nitrogen fertilizer for the growth of wheat in Xinjiang, and provide a sci-entific and theoretical basis for wheat drip fertigation