鸦片战争与日本“世界认知”的转化——以江户时代“东西文化优劣论”的衍变为视角

The Opium War and the Transformation of Japanese Understanding about World

西洋势力的到来与西方知识的传入，促使近世日本对于外部世界的认知不断嬗变。18世纪下半叶，日本的“东西文化优劣论”逐渐萌生，而鸦片战争作为近世以降西势东渐的一次高潮，促使这种思潮由“臆测”向“事实”演变。一方面，虽然尚没有彻底摒弃将西洋视为“夷”的传统思维，但幕府士人对于西方国家技术（器物）的优越性有了更进一步的认识。另一方面，对于东西方文化优劣的比较，开始影响幕府对外交涉的相关政策，“礼夷”、“通商”等主张相继出现，而所谓“东洋道德·西洋艺术”的言论，或可视为明治时代“和魂洋才”的先声。

With the western powers and knowledge coming, Japanese understanding about world changed. In the late 18th and early 19th century, the cultural comparison between the west and east came out in Japan, and The Opium War accelerated the process. After the Opium War, Japanese further realized technical superiority of the west, although they still regarded the western countries as ＂yi＂. At the same time, these opinions about cultural comparison between the west and east affected the Tokugawa Shogunate＇s policy, and all kinds of ideas, just as ＂handling international affairs in the way of ＇li＇＂, ＂conducting commercial trade with the west＂ and so on, came out.