我国高校“新工科”建设的实践探索与分类发展

The Practice Exploration and Classification Development of “Emerging Engineering” Construction in the Colleges and Universities of China

"复旦共识""天大行动"和"北京指南"构成了"新工科"建设的"三部曲",奏响了人才培养主旋律,开拓了工程教育改革新路径。但事实上,我国高校进行"新工科"的实践探索远早于"三部曲"的诞生。采用个案研究方法对5所具有代表性高校"新工科"建设的实践经验进行总结,研究显示,我国高校"新工科"建设的实践模式可归纳为3类:第一类是综合性高校组的"新工科"建设,其实践模式是"复合交叉",侧重跨学科、跨领域、跨行业的人才培养,强调宽口径、厚基础、综合性、复合型;第二类是工科优势高校组的"新工科"建设,其实践模式是"主辅贯通""本硕贯通",强调人才培养模式的"多元多样";第三类是地方高校组的"新工科"建设,其实践模式是"创新协同",注重国际化发展和精细化培养,强调学科专业设置与产业发展对接。据此,我国高校"新工科"分类发展的思路是:具有学科综合优势的高校组,主要服务于解决全球化的共性问题以及涉及国家安全、利益的重大科技攻关和研发,应着重在传统工科与其他学科之间实现交叉复合并在发展应用文科方面有所突破,承担绝大部分大学技术国际化的重任,教学方式以虚拟实验为主,以培养高水平创新型人才和综合性、复合型工程科技人才为主;具有工科优势的高校组,主要服务于跨国企业、国家重点行业企业以及关键领域的现实需求和未来发展,应着重在传统工科之间的交叉融合、应用理科延伸至工科教育方面发挥积极作用,承担部分大学技术国际化的责任,教学方式注重虚拟实验和现场实验相结合,且以现场实验为主,以培养复合型工程科技创新人才为主;具有区域资源优势的地方高校组,主要服务于区域新经济的现实急需,应着重在传统工科之间实现交叉复合,承担极小部分大学技术国际化的责任,教学方式以现场实验为主,以培养能够与地方企业零距离接触的应用型工程科技创新人才和服务区域经济社会发展的科技产业人才为主。

＂The Fudan Consensus＂,＂the Tianda Action＂and＂the Beijing Guide＂constitutes the＂trilogy＂construction of＂emerging engineering＂,playing the main melody of talent training,and opening up a new path of the reform of engineering education. In fact,the practice exploration of the universities＇ emerging engineering in China is much earlier than the birth of ＂trilogy＂. Through the case study method,the construction practice experience of＂emerging engineering＂in the 6 representative universities was summarized,and the study found that the practice mode of the ＂emerging engineering＂construction in Chinese colleges and universities can be divided into 3 categories： the first category is the practical mode of the comprehensive university group,which is the composite cross,personnel training focusing on the interdisciplinary,cross industry,emphasizing the wide caliber,thick foundation,comprehensive and complex; the second is the engineering advantages of university group,and the practice mode is ＂the main and auxiliary connection＂＂a bachelor＇s degree and master＇s degree combined program＂,emphasizing ＂multiple types＂of talents training model; the third category is the ＂emerging engineering＂construction in the local colleges and universities,and the practice mode is ＂collaborative innovation＂,focusing on international development and refinement of the culture,and emphasizing the docking of specialty and industry. As a result,the main idea of the construction of classification of development of ＂emerging engineering＂in China＇s colleges and universities,that is,the universities group with comprehensive advantages,mainly serves to solve the common problem of globalization and involving national security and interests of the major scientific and technological research and development,focusing on the implementation of cross and the development of applied arts breakthrough between the traditional engineering and the discipline,bearing the vast majority of internationalization responsibility of university technology,mainly in the form of virtual experiment,in order to cultivate the innovative talents of science and technology talents with high level and comprehensive and composite engineering; the college group with engineering advantages,mainly serves the reality demand for the transnational enterprises and national enterprises in the key industries and key areas and future development. The cross fusion should be emphasized,mainly in the traditional engineering applications between science and engineering education extending to play an active role,bearing the part of internationalization responsibility of university technology,focusing on the teaching methods of virtual experiment and field experiment,and focusing on the field experiment,mainly to cultivate innovative talents of compound engineering technology; the local colleges and universities group with advantages of regional resources,mainly serve the reality in urgent need of new economic region,focusing on the implementation of the composite cross in traditional engineering,and bearing the tiny part of the internationalization responsibility of university technology,mainly with the field experiment teaching methods,in order to cultivate innovative applied talents closely related with the local enterprises,and science and technology industry talents serving for the regional economic and social development.