哈萨克斯坦的俄罗斯族族群意识调控及国家认同建构

Control over the Consciousness of the Russian Ethnic Group in Kazakhstan and the Formation of a National Identity

在当代多民族和多族群国家中,族群意识无疑是一把双刃剑。尽管其对维护族群的自主性有一定的积极作用,但容易造成作为国家主体的民族和作为非主体民族的各个族群之间产生不同水平的认同,不利于塑造整体性的国家认同。族群意识若调控不当,不仅影响着一国内部民族和睦及社会稳定,往往也会成为制约该国家发展的关键性因素。哈萨克斯坦作为中亚地区受俄罗斯影响最早和最深的国家,其国内俄罗斯族人口的发展变迁史为独立初期俄罗斯族族群意识在哈萨克斯坦的兴盛提供了土壤。得益于哈政府采取的一系列调控措施,独立以来哈萨克斯坦基本维持了和睦稳定的族际关系,在调控国内俄罗斯族族群意识方面积累了较为成功的经验,成为后苏联空间乃至世界范围内构建和睦族际关系的范例。基于哈萨克斯坦国内民族人口构成的现实状况,实现族群认同与国家认同的统一,将成为哈萨克斯坦解决国内民族问题的必由之路。

In contemporary multi-ethnic state, nationalism is undoubtedly a double-edged sword, which is although beneficial to the maintenance of ethnic identity, yet fundamentally, is not conducive to shaping the national identity due to different identities of ethnic groups between those as the body and others not. The improper handling of nationalism not only affects the domestic ethnic harmony and social stability, but also becomes a significant constraining factor against national development. For Kazakhstan, a country under the earliest and deepest Russian influences in Central Asia, the evolution of its Russian ethnic demographic provides fertile soil for the rise of nationalism of Russian ethnic group soon after its independence. Thanks to a series of regulation measures of Kazakhstan government, Kazakhstan basically maintains harmonious and stable inter-ethnic relations and accumulates successful experience in dealing with domestic ethnic Russian nationalism issues, which enables Kazakhstan to become a model to construct harmonious inter-ethnic relations both within the post-Soviet space and worldwide. Considering the status quo of Kazakhstan ethnic demographic composition, the integrating of ethnic identity and national identity may provide a feasible path for Kazakhstan to solve its domestic ethnic problems.