改革开放以来中国的“乡-城”迁移及其城市融入

Research on the “Rural-Urban” Migration and the Migrants' Urban Integration since the Reform and Opening-up in China

改革开放以来以农民工流动为主的中国"乡—城"迁移一直持续至今,与之相对的是国内外学者对中国乡城移民及其城市融入问题的追踪研究。在社会空间和归属感两级框架主导下,学界就中国"乡—城"迁移模式及代际差异演变基本达成共识,即,模式上从"单枪匹马"转变为"链式迁移"、代际上从"返乡务农"进入到"留城发展"的新阶段。受制于迁移前群体特质和流入地城市特征的双重影响,学界集中从二元分割的宏观制度及城市基层社会治理的中观路径这两大方向提出完善策略。国内外相关成果为理解和化解中国改革开放以来形成的"乡—城"迁移及其城市融入问题奠定了坚实基础,但尚存拓展空间,具体表现在:一应从跨越农村空间、永久定居城市的着眼点和落脚点来重新界定中国新生代"乡—城"移民;二应更关注"乡—城"移民城市融入中的非结构性"弱"排斥;三应推进未来"乡—城"移民城市融入中横向社会化机制的突破。

China's "rural-urban" migration which is dominated by migrant workers has continued since the Reform and Opening-up. Scholars at home and abroad do the tracing research on the "rural-urban" migrants and their urban integration in contrast. Under the two-level framework of social space and sense of belonging, the academic community has reached a consensus on the pattern of "rural-urban" migration and the evolution of migrants' intergenerational differences in China, that is, in the pattern from "single-handedly" into"chain migration" and intergeneration from "return to agriculture" into "stay in city for development" as a new stage. Subject to the dual influence of the group trait before migrating and the characteristics of city inflow,the academic circles are concentrating on two strategic directions from the macro system of dual division and the middle view path of the urban grass-roots social governance. The relevant achievements at home and abroad have laid a solid foundation for understanding and dissolving the "rural-urban" migration and the migrants' urban integration since the Reform and Opening-up in China. However, there is room for expansion.Firstly, the new generation of migrant workers in China should be redefined as immigrants crossing rural spaces and permanently settling in cities. Secondly, more attention should be paid on the non-structural"weak" exclusion rather than structural "strong" exclusion in their urban integration. Thirdly, the breakthrough of the lateral socialization mechanism should be promoted as practical strategies in the future.