莱茵河流域综合管理和生态修复模式及其启示

Comprehensive Management of the Rhine River Basin and Its Experiences

莱茵河是欧洲的重要航道及沿岸国家的供水水源地,对欧洲的社会、政治、经济发展都起着重要作用。19世纪下半叶,莱茵河及其沿岸地区的开发利用造成了严重的环境与生态问题。以保护莱茵河国际委员会为代表,沿岸各国建立协作机制,整治污染,进行生态环境的综合治理。经过数十年的治理过程,如今的莱茵河生机盎然、重现美丽。通过综合介绍莱茵河流域曾经经过的污染、治理、生态恢复过程,针对我国的生态文明建设和长江大保护行动,提出借鉴莱茵河治理模式与发展经验:(1)打造跨部门跨地区的合作平台,建立"长江保护委员会";(2)加强流域整合管理,明确流域治理目标,制定"长江保护行动计划";(3)建立生态补偿机制协调流域内各方利益;(4)积极鼓励政府、民众和企业参与,形成保护长江的共识与合力;(5)从源头治理污染,提升水质;(6)建立完整的全流域监测方案;(7)完善生态修复模式,以期对我国长江流域的生态保护与综合管理提供参考。

The Rhine River is an important waterway and supplies drinking waters to people that living on the river two sides. Rhine River plays an important role in the society, politics and economy of Europe. The excessive exploitation on the Rhine River had caused seriously environmental and ecological problems. In order to protect the Rhine River ecosystems, the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution （ICPR） had been established for several decades. After the past decades efforts, the Rhine River has been restored to be vital and beautiful recently. This study introduces the whole process of water quality improvement and ecological restoration in the Rhine River Basin, and provides implications for the ecological civilization construction of the Yangtze River Basin in China. These includes： （ 1 ） establish an integrated management institution ＂Commission for the Protection of the Yangtze River＂ ; （2） confirm the objectives and build ＂The Yangtze Action Program＂ ; （ 3 ） set up ecological compensation mechanism to coordinate the interests of all parties in the basin; （4） encourage the government, enterprises and the public form consensus and joint efforts to protect the Yangtze River; （5） control pollution from the source to improve water quality; （6） establish a complete basin monitoring program in the Yangtze river; （7） improve ecological restoration model. This review expects to provide consultations for ecological protection and comprehensive management of the Yangtze River protection in China.