从礼貌理论再论日语句末「が」的语法定位

A Re-examination of the Grammatical Orientation of "Ga" at the End of Japanese Sentences from the Perspective of Politeness Theory

学校语法将日语助词「が」定位为接续助词,连接从句和主句。但在日语会话中,「が」后面不出现主句,直接以「が」结尾且命题意义完整的句子很常见,已有学者将这样的「が」定位为终助词。本文利用礼貌理论,从终助词体系进行思考,认为日语传统终助词体系中缺少在陈述句中表达消极礼貌功能的终助词,「が」作为"回避臆测"这一礼貌策略,拥有表达消极礼貌的功能,由此形成了日语表达礼貌策略的完整的终助词体系。「が」的这种功能来源于终助词「が」的内在意义"自己拥有的知识或意向与听话人拥有的知识或意向既可以一致,也可以对立。即不推测是一致还是对立。"终助词「が」的这种内在意义继承于接续助词「が」的"单纯接续"和"逆接"用法。

＂Ga＂ was regarded as a conjunctive particle to link the main sentence and its clause in Japanese school grammar.However,in Japanese conversation, ＂ga＂ is not followed by the main sentence,and it is common that sentences with complete proposal meanings end directly with ＂ga＂. This kind of ＂ga＂ is defined as a sentence-ending particle by some scholars. From the perspective of Politeness Theory to analyze the system of sentence-ending particles,this article finds out that the original system lacks the sentence-ending particle which has the function of negative politeness in declarative sentences,and ＂ga＂ operates as a politeness strategy to express ＂Don’t presume/assume＂ and influences the function of negative politeness to form a complete system with the sentence-ending particle. The function of negative politeness of ＂ga＂ originates from its intrinsic meaning that the knowledge or intention a speaker owns may or may not agree with that of listeners,hence it is not possible to predict agreement or disagreement of listeners,and the intrinsic meaning of ＂ga＂ inherits from the properties of a ＂simple conjunction＂ or ＂contradictory conjunction＂ of the conjunctive particle of ＂ga＂.