控释尿素对小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用率的影响

Effects of Controlled Release Urea on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Wheat

为探究小麦高产优质生产中控释掺混尿素的最佳施用比例,本试验以内麦836为材料,研究了不同比例控释尿素,即常规尿素施肥(对照,CK)、控释尿素添加比例分别为0%(N1)、10%(N2)、20%(N3)、40%(N4)、80%(N5)、100%(N6)对小麦籽粒产量、干物质积累及分配、氮素积累特征以及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,施用控释尿素能显著增加小麦成熟期旗叶长、叶宽、叶面积以及小麦分蘖期后各生育期地上部干物质积累量和氮素积累量,其中N4综合增效最显著。与对照相比,添加20%以上控释尿素处理能够显著提高氮肥利用率,以N4效果最好,氮肥偏生产力(NPFP)、氮肥农学利用率(NAE)、氮肥表观利用率(NRE)分别提高了14.21%、27.26%、29.85%。随着控释尿素配比的增加,小麦产量呈先增加后下降的趋势,以N4最优,与CK相比增产14.23%。综上,一次性基施60%尿素掺混40%控释尿素有利于促进小麦旗叶伸长,增加小麦干物质积累,提高氮素利用率,减少劳动投入,可作为小麦高效简化施肥技术进行推广。本研究为小麦高产优质生产中氮肥的合理利用提供了科学依据。

In order to explore the optimum proportion of urea with controlled release urea in high-yield and high-quality production of wheat,wheat 836 was used as test material,a field fertilization experiment including six treatments（ 0,10%,20%,40%,80% and 100%） with different ratio of controlled release urea（ CRU） were performed to investigate the effects of CRU on grain yield,dry matter accumulation and distribution,N uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of the wheat. The results showed that CRU application can significantly increase flag leaf length and area at maturity and dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation in shoot after tillering stage. The treatment of 40% CRU（ N4） possessed the highest integrated synergic. Nitrogen use efficiency was significantly increased by 20% over CRU addition treatments especially in N4 treatment where the nitrogen partial factor productivity（ NPEP）,nitrogen agronomy efficiency（ NAE）and nitrogen recovery efficiency（ NRE） increased by 14. 21%,27. 26% and 29. 85%,respectively. With the increase of CRU addition proportion,the grain yield of wheat firstly increased and then gradually decreased. The highest grain yield was observed under CRU addition of 40% treatment,which was increased by 14. 23% compared to the control treatment. Therefore,a basic application of 60% urea and 40% CRU were in favor of increasing grain yield,dry matter accumulation and nitrogen use efficiency. To some extent,the fertilizing method could save the input of time and labor and promote as efficient simplified fertilization technology in wheat planting. The findings will be helpful to optimize the N fertilization for the agricultural practices of wheat.