《合同法》第111条(质量不符合约定之违约责任)评注

A Commentary on the Art. 111 of the Contract Law:The Liability for Breach of Contract

《合同法》第111条所涉论题为"质量不符合约定之违约责任",包括约定违约责任与法定违约责任,遵循"约定优先,法定嗣后"的基本顺序。本条与加害给付、缔约过失与性质错误之间,存在竞合关系;本条与"三包"规定之关系,宜基于"三包"规定为明示担保之特性,借助格式条款效力判断规则,区别探讨格式条款明示担保与本条的适用关系。宜将检验通知期间认定为期限负担,宜引入更精细的法律拟制规则,区分表面瑕疵与隐蔽瑕疵并分别规定检验通知期间。检验通知期间的适用范围不宜限缩解释为商事合同,而应一体适用于民商事合同。买受人对诸违约责任形式的选择权,构成请求权的有限聚合,应根据违约责任形式的功能异质性,并行或单独适用。应将补正履行中的修理和更换的关系解释为选择竞合,由此解决二次修理更换问题。

This article is concerned with"the liability for breach of contract,"including the statutory liability and the contractual liability for breach of contract,which follows the basic sequence of"contractual liability prioritizing and statutory liability subsequent".There is a competing relationship between the injury performance,the culpa in contrahendo,the error in nature(Eigenschaftsirrtum)and this article.With regard to the issue of the relationship between this article and the"Three Guarantees",it should be based on the characteristics of express guarantees of the"Three Guarantees",then use the validity rules of standardized contract terms to clarify the applicable relationship between express guarantees and this article.The inspection notice period should be deemed as the term burden,and more elaborate rules of legal fiction should be introduced to distinguish between apparent and concealed defects,and the inspection notice period should be specified separately.The scope of application of the inspection notice period should not be limited to commercial contracts.It should be applied to civil contracts and commercial contracts.The buyer's right to choose among the various forms of liability for breach of contract constitutes a limited aggregate of claims,which should be applied in parallel or individually,in accordance with the functional heterogeneity of the forms of liability for breach of contract.The relationship between the repair and replacement in specific performance should be interpreted as elective competing(elektive Konkurrenz),so as to solve the problem of repair and replacement for the second time.