呼伦贝尔草原土壤和植物矿物元素分布特征

Distribution characteristics of minerals in soil and plants on Hulunbuir grassland

为了解呼伦贝尔草原土壤和植物中矿物元素的分布特点,指导草原畜牧业健康发展,对呼伦贝尔草原不同地区草地进行了调查取样和分析。结果表明,呼伦贝尔草原土壤中矿物元素含量由多到少分别为Fe、Na、Ca、K、Mg、Mn、P、Zn、V、Cr、B、Ni、Cu、Co和Sn,其中Ca的变异性最强,K的变异性最弱;植物中矿物元素含量由多到少分别为Ca、K、Mg、P、Fe、Na、Sn、Mn、Cr、B、Zn、Ni、Cu、V和Co,其中Na的变异性最强,Ni的变异性最弱。植物中Co的含量能满足家畜的营养需要,Mg、P、K、Mn和Cu的含量只能满足或部分满足家畜基本生长发育的需要,Na和Zn的含量无法满足家畜的需要,而植物中Fe的含量对家畜可能是过量的。放牧和割草利用对草地土壤中矿物元素的含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),但放牧显著提高了植物中P、Fe、Na、V、Co、Mn、Cu、Zn和Cr的浓度(P<0.05)。在呼伦贝尔草原上常见的20种植物中,Ca在蓬子菜(Galium verum)中含量最高,在芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)中含量最低;Mg在披针叶黄华(Thermopsis lanceolate)中含量最高,在针茅(Stipa capillata)中含量最低;Mn在二裂委陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)中含量最高,在马蔺(Iris ensata)中含量最低;Zn在针茅中含量最高,在披针叶黄华中含量最低。针对家畜营养需求,采用适宜的草地利用方式、牧草品种和矿物元素补饲措施,有利于维持呼伦贝尔草原畜牧业可持续发展。

To determine the concentration and characteristics of minerals in the soil and plants on Hulunbuir grassland and provide a basis for the healthy development of animal husbandry,soil and plant samples from 80 different meadows were collected and assayed during this study.The results showed that the concentration of mineral elements in soil from high to low was as follows：Fe,Na,Ca,K,Mg,Mn,P,Zn,V,Cr,B,Ni,Cu,Co,and Sn,in which Ca was the most variable element and K was the least;the sequence in plants was Ca,K,Mg,P,Fe,Na,Sn,Mn,Cr,B,Zn,Ni,Cu,V,and Co,in which Na was the most variable element and Ni was the least.In plants,the concentration of Co was adequate for the requirement of livestock,Ca,Mg,P,K,Mn,and Cu could only satisfy or partly satisfy requirements,whereas Na and Zn could not satisfy the basic requirements,and Fe was superfluous.The elements in soil showed no significant difference between grazing and mowing meadows,but grazing significantly increased the concentration of P,Fe,Na,V,Co,Mn,Cu,Zn,and Cr in plants（P〈0.05）.In 20 common plants at Hulunbuir grassland,the highest concentration of Ca was in Galium verum and the lowest was in Achnatherum splendens.The highest Mg was in Thermopsis lanceolate and the lowest was in Stipacapillata.The highest Mn was in Potentilla bifurca and the lowest was in Iris ensata.Finally,the highest Zn was in S.capillata and the lowest was in T.lanceolate.Suitable grassland utilization types,forage species,and mineral supplementary feeding measures should be adapted to the nutritional requirements of livestock,which would be beneficial to the sustainable development of animal husbandry on Hulunbuir grassland.