陶渊明的“存在”之思

Tao Yuanming's Thinking on Human Existence

如果不以西方存在主义哲学来研究陶渊明的思想,而是基于对陶渊明存世文本的分析,那么,他关于人生命存在意义方面的思考,主要围绕三方面展开:第一,存之有尽。承认生命的有限性,是陶渊明生命哲学的起点。他要荡去追求永恒的迷思,顺应自然的节奏,超越生生的纠缠和痛苦,归复人本然的真性。第二,无遁而存。历史上渊明被视为一位隐逸诗人,他一生似乎都在做遁逃的功课。其实,陶渊明生命哲学的要旨不在"隐",而在真性敞开。不寻归处,自结衡庐,当下直接生命体验是其唯一的生命安顿处。第三,不存之存。渊明认为,世俗之"惜生"是"生"的坠落,必须超越这种"生"的方式,以不存为存,在朴素平常中显现真性,在超越秩序的荒野中建立新的秩序。渊明的"存在"之思,是中国传统艺术哲学直接体验、当下圆满思想的先声。

This paper discusses Tao Yuanming＇ s （ 陶源明 ） thinking on the meaning of human existence, which is an analysis based on the existing original texts written by Tao Yuanming, rather than an interpretation from the perspective of Western existentialism. This discussion is mainly concerned with three respects as follows ： Firstly, every existence has its end. The starting point for studying Tao Yuanming＇ s philosophy of life should be the recognition of the limit of human life. While Tao Yuanming sought for eternal myth throughout his life, he kept in conformity with the rhythm of Nature, and avoided falling in the fallacy of attaining perpetual life, so that he could get rid of the tangles and pains of life, and return to the true nature of man. Secondly, man should exist without escaping. Although in most cases Tao Yuanming was regarded as a hermitic poet in history, and appeared to practise a life of living in seclusion, his real idea on the philosophy of life consisted in the openness of the true human nature, rather than being hidden in seclusion. For Tao, the only way for him to settle down was to face his life experience directly, instead of seeking a place like Mountain Heng （衡山） or Mountain Lu （庐山 ） to spend his remaining years till death. Thirdly, non- existence is existence. In his view, taking care of worldly life precisely meant the decline of life. In order to make manifest the true nature of existence in simple and ordinary life, one should go beyond this mode of lifestyle, learn to live in a manner of non-existence, and establish a new order in the wilderness which transcended order. In a sense, Tao Yuanming＇ s thinking on human existence was an immediate experience of traditional Chinese philosophy of art, and also a herald of the idea of perfection at present.