樱桃组织培养及遗传转化研究进展

Advances in the research of tissue culture and genetic transformation in cherry

樱桃果实甜美,营养丰富,深受消费者喜爱,是极具市场潜力的水果之一。但是由于其易裂果、不耐贮藏且抗性较弱,使樱桃产业的发展受到了极大影响,因此加快樱桃优良品种的选育十分重要。采用传统育种方式在一定程度上所需周期较长、工作量大,且杂交胚败育率较高,严重阻碍了樱桃育种工作的进程。而通过植物组织培养与遗传转化可以克服樱桃传统育种的局限性,加速育种工作的进程。笔者分析了樱桃茎尖、茎段和叶等器官培养以及胚培养的影响因素,如基因型、外植体类型、培养条件和激素组合等;综述了有关樱桃标记基因和目的基因的遗传转化,包括转化方法、转化材料、所用基因类型、转化植株的鉴定方法、转化结果以及转化率等,并对生物技术在樱桃研究中存在的问题及今后在樱桃中的应用前景进行了讨论。

Cherry is one of the most popular fruits in the world for its good taste, abundant nutrients and high economic benefit for the growers. However, the development of cherry industry is limited for serious cracking and poor storage life of the fruits. Breeding new varieties with good quality and long storage life is very urgent for the industry. As a perennial plant, cherry has a long life cycle that limits conventional breeding. The technology of tissue culture and genetic transformation provides an efficient method for overcoming the obstacles of traditional breeding and accelerating the breeding programs.Plant tissue culture can produce a large number of healthy and uniform plants in a short period in controlled environment. Tissue culture and genetic transformation of cherry were reviewed in the present paper. The genotype type was an important internal factor affecting regeneration. Different varieties had diverse regeneration rates. Meanwhile, the survival rates varied with the times of collecting apical buds and dark treatment of leaves. The young leaves in the upper part of the cherry tree had stronger morphogenesis abilities. The light quality also affected in vitro regeneration of the leaves of Chinese cherry.The duration of low temperature was key factor affecting embryo culture of cherry. The embryonic age was an important factor affecting the success of embryo rescue and the growth of the embryo seedling.The media greatly affected the regeneration rate of plantlets. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was one of the most widely used methods in cherry. By means of genetic transformation the marker genes and target genes such as growth characteristic related genes, frozen tolerance genes, disease resis-tant genes, softening and aging related genes had been transformed. The prospects and problems of the genetic transformation in cherry were also discussed in this article： Cherry tissue culture stays in suitable medium screening yet, and wide used nursery production system has not formed. Most of the transformation of cherry target genes absent the field testing only carried out on molecular level. Most cherry genetic transformation use rootstocks not cultivar as explants. In addition, single transformation and low the regeneration rate of explants lead to fewer successful cases of genetic transformation. Therefore, we should actively strengthen the cherry tissue culture and regeneration system, nursery production system, genetic transformation system especially for the cultivars in order to lay the foundation for cherry breeding.