农牧一体化下杂草生物多样性及玉米生产效益研究

Effects of agro-pastoral integration on weed biodiversity in field and maize production

为研究农牧一体化对杂草生物多样性的影响,通过延军农场农牧一体化长期定位试验,采用田间对比试验方法,对放牧前后田间杂草种类、密度、盖度和地上生物量以及玉米产量进行调查研究,分析农牧一体化生产方式对杂草生物多样性及玉米生产效益的影响。结果表明:放牧前,农牧一体化(API)理杂草总密度是对照(CK)的1.41倍,且杂草优势种单一且相对多度分配不均匀;API杂草地上生物量比CK高出18.12kg/hm2;API杂草群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(E)、Simpson优势度指数(D)和Margalef丰富度指数(DMG)分别是CK的1.09、0.92、1.05和1.08倍。放牧后,API和CK杂草总密度分别减少77.00%和23.10%,杂草群落地上生物量依次分别下降94.18%和78.17%,故田间放养鹅可将田间16.01%杂草资源化,提高杂草生产力;API玉米产量是CK的0.92倍,减产所带来的经济损失达2 443.51元/hm2,鹅肉产品输出对经济总收入的贡献率高达48.74%,折合为25 922.80元/hm2;API的产投比(2.87)是CK(2.49)的1.15倍,API能够提高生产效益。因此,API处理使用鹅来控制杂草并将杂草资源化,提高生产力和生物多样性,可实现较高经济效益。

Through the long-term positioning experiment of ＂Agro-pastoral integration（API）＂on Yanjun Farm.Comparative field experiments were conducted to analyze the impact of agro-pastoral integration production methods on weed biodiversity and corn production efficiency.The weed species,density,coverage,aboveground biomass,and corn yield in the field pre-grazing and post-grazing were investigated.The results showed that：The total weed density API treatment was 1.41 times of that of control（CK）pre-grazing,and the weed dominant species were unitary and its relative abundance was not evenly distributed;The weeds aboveground-biomass of API was 18.12 kg/hm^2 higher than that of CK;The Shannon-Wiener diversity index（H＇）,Pielou evenness index（E）,Simpson dominance index（D）and Margalef richness index（DMG）of API weed communities were 1.09,0.92,1.05 and 1.08 times of CK,respectively;The total densities of API post-grazing and CK were reduced by 77.00% and 23.10%,respectively.The aboveground-biomass of weed community decreased by 94.18% and 78.17%.Therefore,geese transformed the16.01% weeds in the field into resources and improve weed productivity.The corn yield in API field was 0.92 times ofCK,and the economic loss caused by the reduction of production amounted was up to 2 443.51 yuan/hm^2;Goose product output converted to 25 922.80 yuan/hm^2,it contributed to the total economic income as high as 48.74%;API investment ratio（2.87）is 1.15 times of that of CK（2.49）.In conclusion,API system by raising geese in corn fields to control weeds in API system,converted weeds into resources,improved the productivity and biodiversity,and achieved high economic efficiency.