中国集体形制--人民公社与单位

Collective Forms in China: People's Commune and Danwei

集体形制是管理体系、社会模式、组织机制和空间形式的集合体,亦可涵盖经济与政治模型。从这个角度来看,社会主义中国城乡的规划与管理均通过半自治的集体形制实现。其中典型案例即中国的人民公社与单位。研究讨论了它们作为社会项目的构想及其所铸就的社会现实,以及这一被忽略的遗产在建筑和城市设计话语中的意义与应用。通过梳理该研究的源起与方法、西方历史上的集体形制案例、中国人民公社与单位的历史语境,以及两个位于武汉的建成案例,文章最后提出对集体形制的研究不仅仅是针对中国集体化时期的遗产,而是更广泛地关注各种过去、现在、未来由集体主体性所塑造的社会空间形制,着重于理解和分析这种形制背后为了实现共同目标和利益而生成的共享规则和诉求。

Collective forms are simultaneously governmental forms, social forms,organisational forms, and spatial forms, but can also incorporate economic forms or political forms. From this perspective, urban and rural areas in socialist China were predominantly planned and managed as semi-autonomous collective forms. People＇s Commune and Danwei are two exemplary cases among others. The research reviews their conception as social projects and the social realities they produced, while examining their often overlooked legacies for discourses in architecture and urban design. Through discussing the research methodology, cases of collective forms in the West, the historical context of China ＇s People＇s Commune and Danwei, and two built cases in Wuhan, this paper argues that collective forms are not simply related to a historical period of collectivisation, but to past, present, and future forms shaped by collective subjectivities and the important underlying shared norms and demands to achieve common goals and benefits.