高原亚高原交替训练对世居高原中长跑运动员有氧运动能力影响的初步研究

The Effect of Altitude Training and Sub-altitude Training on the Aerobic Capacity of The Middle-distance Runner

目的:通过观察世居高原中长跑运动员在高原—亚高原交替训练后各项指标及机能的变化情况,探讨不同海拔的交替训练对耐力性运动项目运动员有氧运动能力的影响。方法:甘孜州体校世居高原的中长跑运动队队员共28名,将运动员随机分为两个组:实验组和对照组,每组14人。实验组采用高原—亚高原交替训练方法,在海拔高度变化的条件下进行训练。对照组采用传统的高住高练模式进行训练。训练结束后进行12min跑测试,并记录在规定12min内跑出的距离,然后对运动后即刻的心率、最大摄氧量、血氧饱和度、血乳酸以及血液指标(红细胞RBC、血红蛋白HB)进行检测。结果:(1)高原—亚高原交替训练后,运动员RBC数目增加,HGB显著增加,高原训练4周后相比,RBC增加更加明显,但HGB数量低于亚高原训练后;(2)交替到亚高原训练2周后12min跑成绩提高了12.2%,连续高原训练4周后成绩降低了2.6%,P<0.05;(3)高原—亚高原交替训练后心率变化不明显,但高原训练4周后心率有所增加,运动后即刻血乳酸水平显著降低,且低于连续高原训练4周后血乳酸值,P<0.05。最大摄氧量和氧饱和度显著提高,P<0.01,与高原训练4周后相比,高原—亚高原训练后最大摄氧量和氧饱和度升高更加明显。结论:(1)高原—亚高原交替训练后,运动员专项有氧运动能力得到提高,而连续高原训练后运动员专项运动成绩反而降低,可能是长时间低氧环境下运动突破了机体对低氧的耐受极限所致。(2)高原—亚高原交替训练能够给予机体一定的缺氧刺激,又能避免高原训练中的不利因素,能够保证有一定的训练强度,从而提高中长跑运动员的专项有氧运动能力。建议:高原—亚高原交替训练能够有效提高中长跑运动员的有氧运动能力,平原地区的运动员到高原进行训练时很难在缺氧环境下保持一定的运动强度,可以让运动员先在高原居住一段时间,等到机体出现高原习服时,对低氧有一定的耐受后再进行小负荷训练,然后再到亚高原进行大负荷训练,从而提高高原训练的成功率。

Objective:This article was to monitor the change of alternate plateau and sub-plateau training on middle-distance runner for live in high altitude circumstances.The purpose of this article was to detect the effect of alternate plateau and sub-plateau training on endurance athletes of aerobic exercise capacity.Methods:28endurance athletes of Ganzi Soprts School,divided into control group(n=14)and experiment group(n=14).The experiment group used alternate plateau and sub-plateau training which was trained in different altitude circumstances.The control used traditional plateau training.When the whole training was finished,record the distance of run for12minutes,detect the immediate heart rate,maximum oxygen uptake,oxygen saturation,blood lactate and blood index(RBC,HB).Result:1.After the alternate plateau and sub-plateau training,the amount of RBC rose,the amount of HGB significantly rose.After the plateau training for4weeks,the amount of RBC significantly rose,but the amount of HGB less than the alternate plateau and sub-plateau training;2.After the alternate plateau and sub-plateau training for2weeks,the performance of run for12minutes rose12.2%,but the run for12minutes of prance after4weeks plateau training reduced2.6%,P<0.05;3.After the alternate plateau and sub-plateau training,the heart rate changed a little bit,but after4week s plateau training,immediate blood lactate has significant reduction,and less than the4weeks plateau training,p<0.05.The maximum oxygen uptake and oxygen saturation were significantly improve.,p<0.01;comparing with4weeks plateau training,the maximum oxygen uptake and oxygen saturation of the alternate plateau and sub-plateau training has obviously improve.