民法典的外部体系效益及其扩张

The External System Benefit of Civil Code and Its Expansion

民法典是事实、逻辑和价值的统一。外部体系和内部体系都是描述性概念,在立法过程中,外部体系的建构可以相对独立。民法典的体系效益主要体现为拓展法律的调整范围,保障法律自治、自洽和自足,最终强化法律的拘束力和安定性。在复杂社会中,民法典的体系效益更为明显。体系效益源于民法调整范围的综合性、规范内容的层次性和法律意义的脉络性,民法典的体系效益高于民事单行法。民法典有决疑法、原则法和抽象法三种风格,抽象法最能增进体系效益。民法典依据调整事项,分别设定一般条款、固定构成要件条款和弹性条款,可使体系效益最大化。在外部体系上,中国民法典应尽可能保持纯粹私法性质,剔除公法条款,删除无益的引致条款;避免过度抽象和过度具体,既增加重要规则的供给,又提升对新情势的适应力;尽可能采用完全法条,以裁判规范为主;法条表达的精确与通俗不能得兼时,精确优于通俗。

The civil code is a unity of facts,logic and value.Both external system and internal system are descriptive concepts.In the process of legislation,the construction of external system can be relatively independent.The system benefit of the civil code is mainly reflected in the expansion of the scope of regulation,the guarantee of legal autonomy,the achievement of self-consistency and self-sufficiency,and ultimately the strengthening of the binding force and stability of law.The system benefit of civil code is more obvious in a complex society.System benefit originates from the comprehensiveness of the scope of adjustment,the hierarchical structure of the normative content and the logicality of legal meanings.The system benefit of a civil code is higher than that of separate civil laws.There are three styles of civil code:casuistry,principle and abstraction.Among them,the last one can best promote system benefit.According to the adjustment matters,a civil code should contain general clauses,clauses on fixed constitutive elements and elastic clauses,so as to maximize the efficiency of the system.As far as the external system is concerned,in the compilation of the Civil Code,China should maintain as far as possible the pure private law nature of the Code,remove from it public law clauses and unhelpful citation clauses,avoid being excessively abstract or over-specific,increase both the supply of important rules and the adaptability of the rules to new situations,adopt complete articles as far as possible,take norms of adjudication as the main body of the Code;and,if the expression of an article cannot be accurate and easy to understand at the same time,give priority to accuracy over understandability.