改土归流与国家治理

Gaituguiliu and State Governance

土司制度的建立,体现了国家对西南少数民族地区的治理。改土归流作为土司制度中的一项重要内容,表现出国家对少数民族地区治理的进一步加强。首先,改土归流的出发点是要确保土司地区的稳定,不仅通过革除一部分土司,以解决"尾大不掉"的弊端,还对革除土司进行异地安插,防止再生事端。其次,改土归流强化了对西南少数民族地区的管控,一是通过改流,与内地体制划一;二是加强了原土司地区的"流土并治"。同时,通过改土归流,国家进一步完善了对土司地区的管理措施,包括对各族民众的控制与管理,对新设流官的选用,对少数民族地区的开发。需要指出的是,改土归流中也有国家治理失误的地方。

The establishment of Tusi system means state’s governance of the south-western areas inhabited by ethnic groups.As an important part of Tusi system,Gaituguiliu(that is,bureaucratization of native officials)shows state’s further consolidation of the southwestern areas inhabited by ethnic groups.First,the purpose of carrying out Gaituguiliu is to stabilize these areas:some Tusi officials were dismissed,and some were displaced fromone place to another to avoid creating disturbances;second,Gaituguiliu strengthens the management and control of these areas:one was to change the official systemfromTusi to tenure,and the second was to strengthen the systemof Tusi-cum-tenure.Meanwhile,through Gaituguiliu,the management of Tusi areas was further improved,including the control and management of all peoples living there,the selection of newly-appointed officials and the development of these minority areas.It must be pointed out that there were some maladies about state’s governance as to the Gaituguiliu.