关于曾国的政治中心及其变迁问题

On Political Center of State Zeng and Its Movement

曾国是一个不见于历史文献记载的古国,通过若干金文和传世文献的对比发现其应是历史文献中的随国。结合曾国青铜器的主要出土地点、居址发掘资料和考古调查资料,可发现其初封的疆域并不大,与古鄂国并存于随州。随着鄂国的灭亡,其疆域逐步扩大,在西周晚期至春秋时期,曾国的畛域达到顶峰并一度成为汉东之大国。现有考古发掘及文物调查资料证明,曾国的政治中心应经历了四次变迁,时间分别为西周早期、西周中期至晚期、西周晚期至春秋早期、春秋早期至战国时期。除西周中期至晚期不明外,其余政治中心都在随州境内,整体呈由东北向西南迁徙的趋势,其中金文所见的曾国都城"西阳"应在今随州市。通过对已掘侯墓葬制、出土器物、金文材料和传世文献进行分析,京山苏家垄和枣阳郭家庙均不是曾国的政治中心,而可能是同一曾侯不同之子的封地。此外,对于将建立起曾国陶器完整的年代学标尺以及曾楚两国在汉东的博弈进退纳入到曾国政治中心的研究视野中来,也是值得学界进一步深思和探索的问题。

Though State Zeng was an ancient kingdom which has never been recorded in historical documents,it turns out that State Zeng was State Sui mentioned in historical documents according to bronze inscriptions and historical documents handed down from ancient times.In sight of locations of excavation sites from which bronzes of State Zeng were excavated,excavation of residential region and archaeological investigation resources,the original territory of State Zeng was not large,and coexisted with ancient E State.In the wake of the downfall of State E,the territory of State Zeng gradually expanded and reached its maximum during late Western Zhou Dynasty to Spring and Autumn Period,and Sui became the largest among the states east of Han River.According to archaeological excavation resources and cultural relics survey,political centers of State Zeng have relocated for four times during early Western Zhou Dynasty,middle and late period of Western Zhou Dynasty,late Western Zhou Dynasty to early Spring and Autumn Period and early Spring and Autumn Period to Warring States Period.From an overall view,political center of State Zeng moved from northeast to southwest.During above four periods,political centers of State Zeng were in the territory of Suizhou municipality except that the ones in middle and late period of Western Zhou Dynasty were still not clear.Capital Xiyang of State Zeng recorded in bronze inscriptions should be located in Suizhou municipality today.By conducting an analysis of tomb structure of marquis tomb,unearthed objects,bronze inscriptions and historical documents handed down from ancient times,neither Sujialong in Jingshan County nor Guojiamiao in Zaoyang municipality was the political center of State Zeng,but probably fiefs belonged to different sons of a marquis of State Zeng.Besides,both problems of establishing a chronology of pottery of State Zeng,and bringing rivalry between State Zeng and State Chu in east of Han River into research on political center of State Zeng are worth exploring and pondering.