中国小麦品种抗条锈病现状及存在问题与对策

Current status and future strategy in breeding wheat for resistance to stripe rust in China

小麦条锈病是小麦重大病害,利用抗病品种是防治小麦条锈病的有效措施。新中国成立以来,中国科学家们广泛开展了小麦条锈病防控方面的研究,并取得显著成绩。大量抗源被筛选、鉴定,但由于抗源自身农艺性状差等原因,能应用于小麦育种的抗源亲本非常少,抗源利用不合理,导致生产品种抗病基因单一,病原菌流行小种很快形成,抗病品种在生产上可利用的寿命太短。本文介绍了国内外抗条锈病基因发掘情况,以及我国小麦抗条锈病育种抗病基因使用概况,通过回述1B/1R(Yr9)和Yr24/Yr26抗源的兴衰周期,总结了抗源利用的教训和经验,探讨了我国小麦抗条锈病育种中存在的问题和今后抗病基因合理利用的发展方向。

Wheat is an important staple food,which suffers considerable yield loss due to fungal foliar diseases like stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis West.f.sp.tritici Eriks.&Henn.(Pst).The management and sustainable control of the disease has been studied and great progress has been achieved since the founding of new China.Abundant resistance genes in wheat germplasms were identified.However,only a few race-specific resistance genes can be used for improving stripe rust resistance in commercially cultivars because of the undesirable agronomic traits or lack of efficient molecular markers.The mono-resistance gene in wheat varieties resulted in rapidly emerging new races of stripe rust pathogens and losing the R gene-mediated disease resistance of wheat cultivars.By retrospective historical events of“boom-bust cycle”of the resistance sources of 1B/1R(Yr9)and Yr24/Yr26,the over used resistance genes for stripe rust in China,the experiences and lessons were summarized.In addition,the strategies for durable(long-lasting)disease resistance are discussed.