秦汉时期官方蓄犬现象研究

Study on the Phenomenon of Official Dog-Keeping in the Qin and Han Dynasties

秦汉时期,官方蓄犬非常普遍。按正史记载及律令要求,此种现象既是选择偏好,也是制度使然,从朝廷中央到地方郡县、边关烽燧莫不如此。与之相应的是官方也为之配备专门的馆舍和官员。对这些犬只的管理,秦汉律令从数量、饲养环境、体型大小等角度都有限制。它们满足了各级官府治理鼠患、祭祀驱邪、娱乐狩猎、警戒防盗、肉食供给等多方面的需要。另外,此时文武官员对皇帝常以"犬马"自称,这种现象或许也与官方蓄犬浸染有关。

During the Qin and Han dynasties,official dogs keeping was common.According to the historical records and laws,such phenomenon was not only a choice of preference,but also an institutional result from the central government to the grassroot counties and the border beacon towers.Correspondingly,the authorities also set special facilities and officials for the dogs.For the management of these dogs,the Qin and Han laws were designed in terms of dog quantity,raising environment and dogs’size.These dogs met the needs of government at all levels for various aspects of rodent infestation,sacrifice and exorcism,the entertainment and hunting,vigilance and burglary prevention,meat-supplying and so on.In addition,civil and military officials often regarded themselves to the emperor as“Quanma(dogs or horses)”,which might be related to the influence of official dogs-keeping then.