行政黑名单救济机制的困境与破解

Dilemma and Solution on Relief Mechanisms of Administrative Blacklist

行政黑名单救济机制的构建有助于克服黑名单负面效应、保护被限权主体权利并推动社会信用的重建。行政黑名单制度有效运行的完整环节包括拟列入行为、列入行为、公布行为、惩戒行为和移除行为。从行为性质来看,黑名单救济机制应针对"拟列入行为""列入行为""移除行为"发挥作用。我国行政黑名单救济机制存在的主要问题是黑名单列入前的救济途径不畅,黑名单列入后的司法救济存在争议,针对黑名单限权期限的救济制度缺失。为保障行政相对人权利,在借鉴美国"出口管制"清单和世行"取消资格"制度的基础上,我国应坚持正当程序进行事前救济,启动行政诉讼进行事后救济,对限权期限建立黑名单移除机制。

The relief mechanism of administrative blacklist helps to overcome the negative effect of blacklist, protect the rights of the restricted subjects and promote the reconstruction of social credit. The effective operation of the administrative blacklist system consists of “the act of intending to blacklist”,“the act of blacklisting”,“the act to publish blacklist”,“the act to punish” and “the act to remove blacklist”. From nature of the administrative blacklist, the relief mechanism plays an important for “the act of intending to blacklist”,“the act of blacklisting”, and “the act to remove blacklist”. The main problems existing in the relief mechanism of administrative blacklist are as follows: the relief approaches before being blacklisted are not sound;the judicial relief after being blacklisted is controversial;the removal mechanism of administrative blacklist is absent. To protect the administrative counterpart's rights,we should adhere to the due process for legal remedy, start lawsuit procedure and establish the blacklist removal system based on the American "Export Control" list and the "Debarment Processes" system of the World Bank.